<p>The Vallée de la Clarée is a scenic valley in the French Alps near to Montgenèvre, Briançon and the French-Italian border. The Clarée river runs through the valley.</p><br>
<p>The mountains on either side are part of the Massif des Cerces. To the west they are between 2800 and 2900m high, while on the east side they are between 2300 and 2400m high. Consequently, the snow is slow to melt and gives rise to the name of the central commune Névache meaning "snowed".</p><br>
<p>The valley lies at between 1400 and 2000m and contains meadows and larch forest. This alpine situation creates great biological diversity with several different habitats such as flooded soils and peat. These valleys contain 39% of known plant species in the French Alps, and 61% of those in the arrondissement of Briançon.</p><br>
<p>The Vallée de la Clarée and the adjoining Vallée Etroite cover 26,000 hectares and contain famous hiking trails (GR 57, Tour du Mont Thabor, Grande Traversée des Alpes). The valleys are exceptional area in that they have been preserved in their natural state. Agriculture, forestry and the rearing of livestock are still carried out traditionally.</p><br>
<p>Consequently, the valley is one of the most visited parts of the Hautes-Alpes department. Visitors have been estimated at 600,000 visits per year. As a result, the valleys have been given the status of protected areas since 1992. In the summer the valley is visited by cyclists and walkers and by riders who use the large stables in Les Alberts.</p><br>
<p>The river is used for water sports especially in spring as the snow melts. There are sections of white water, which are used by kayaks and white water rafts. There is a dramatic waterfall at Fontcouverte.</p><br>
<p>The valley in winter is covered in snow, which is enjoyed by many cross-country skiers. There are over 65 km of trails. It has one of the main circuits where the French cross-country team train. Although it is popular for cross-country ski-ing, the valley&#39;s protected status has prevented ski-lifts being installed.</p><br>
<p>The valley is famous for its numerous sun-dials.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>The valley is accessible by car via the Col de Montgenevre from Briançon in the summer or over the Col de l&#39;Echelle from Bardonecchia (Italy). In July and August is the highest part of the valley is closed to motorised transport. Only a shuttle is allowed to take tourists to the Refuge de Laval at 2000m.</p><br>
<h2>Places and monuments</h2><br>
<p>Col de l&#39;Echelle</p><br>
<p>Le Rosier</p><br>
<p>Nevache</p><br>
<p>Plampinet</p><br>
<p>Val-des-Pres</p><br>
<p>The Elijah Miller House is a historic home in North White Plains, Westchester County, New York. The house is an 18th century Rhode Island-style farmhouse that was used during the Revolutionary War by General George Washington as a headquarters command post during the Battle of White Plains. The house, which is now a museum, was home to the average Colonial Westchester Ann and Elijah Miller family and contains many artifacts for public viewing.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This Elijah Miller house originally sat on a 600 acre farm and was probably built by John Miller in 1738. John had eight children, one of them being Elijah who was born in 1728. Elijah would marry a local named Anne Fisher and in 1770, they moved into the Miller house. Eventually, they put an addition on the west end of the house that included a parlor with a corner fireplace, a bedroom with a fireplace, a small porch and two more bedrooms on the second floor of the new addition. Elijah Miller joined the Westchester County Militia and died in August 1776 while in camp. Two of his sons, John and Elijah, were also in the Westchester County Militia, both dying of fever in camp during December 1776.</p><br>
<p>General George Washington occupied the house three times during the American Revolutionary War. The first was October 1776 as a command post during the Battle of White Plains, the second was the summer of 1778, and finally in 1781. Anne Miller, a widow, was General Washington&#39;s hostess during his stays. Anne would live to be 96 years old and eventually died in 1819. A Miller daughter, Sarah Miller Cornell, lived at the house until she died in 1838 at age 84. Other people would live at the house and farm the land, such as the last owner and former Armonk Postmaster, Charles Kaiser.</p><br>
<p>After Westchester County purchased the house in July 1917, it was renovated and opened to the public on October 29, 1918. The house is currently a museum under the Westchester County Department of Parks, Recreation and Conservation. Outside of the house is an enormous sycamore tree which undoubtedly was there at the time of General Washington&#39;s visit.</p><br>
<p>By the early 21st century the house was deteriorating from decades of neglect and was open to the public only on a very limited basis. In 2010 the county legislature passed a $1.2 million bond issue to finance its restoration. County executive Robert Astorino, who had supported preserving the building five years earlier as a member of the legislature, vetoed the measure, saying it should be supported by private funds. Due to the hard work of Friends of the Miller House/Washingtons Headquarters and Daughters of Libertys Legacy, Westchester County in May 2017 announced that up to $2 million of funds will be made available to renovate the house.</p><br>
<p>Hillcrest Hotel, also known as the Hillcrest Arms Apartment Hotel, is a historic building in Toledo, Ohio, United States. It has nine floors and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998. It is located at 1601-1621 Madison Avenue.</p><br>
<p>The Hillcrest was built in 1929. Authors, artists, and business people stayed in the hotel, including Amelia Earhart in 1933. She had an arrow painted on the roof to assist pilots in locating the local airfield.</p><br>
<p>The hotel closed in 1990. The building was used as an interdenominational Christian center to help homeless people and substance abusers before a 1994 fire closed it. and is expected to be "on the hook" for $6.7 million as the building was to be sold in foreclosure in 2009.</p><br>
<p>The Blue Lake is one of only four cirque lakes found in mainland Australia, the other three, Cootapatamba, Albina, and Club are shallower than BL and are held entirely by terminal moraines. Its valley contains the best-developed glacial features in the Kosciuszko National Park alpine area of New South Wales. It was recognised as a wetland of international importance on 17 March 1996 when a 320 hectare area, comprising the lake and its surrounds, including nearby Hedley Tarn, was designated Ramsar Site 800 under the Ramsar Convention on wetlands.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Blue Lake is 16 hectare in area and 28 m deep. Its surface is entirely open water, with boulders reaching the shore in the east and north east, and the other shores being pebbly. It lies about 28 km west of Jindabyne and 3.5 km north of Charlotte Pass at an altitude of 1,890 m above mean sea level, in a glacial landscape.</p><br>
<p>The lake was formed when glaciers flowing from the Great Dividing Range converged and carved out a basin in the granite bedrock. It receives water from Blue Lake Creek, originating from Mount Twynam and from snowmelt. The surface of the lake is frozen for about four months of the year; it overflows in spring with the melting of the snow while, during the rest of the year, the water level remains stable.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>The lake is surrounded by alpine herbfield, heaths, bogs and fens supporting a range of native plants and animals, including rare, vulnerable and endangered species, as well as several kinds of invertebrate restricted to the alpine zone. Rare or threatened plants found within the Ramsar site include the branched carraway, wedge oschatzia and snow-wort, as well as the endangered ecological community of Montane Peatlands and Swamps. Threatened animals found there include the mountain pygmy possum and broad-toothed rat.</p><br>
<h2>Access and usage</h2><br>
<p>Blue Lake may be reached by a 2-hour walk from Charlotte Pass. Human activities in the area include environmental education, bushwalking, skiing, and ice climbing. Since all five glacial lakes in the Kosciuszko alpine area are naturally low in nutrients, in order to maintain nutrient balance and prevent contamination, camping is not permitted in the catchments of the glacial lakes.</p><br>
<p>The Riverview Terrace Historic District is a 15.2 acre historic district in Davenport, Iowa, United States, that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. It was listed on the Davenport Register of Historic Properties in 1993. The neighborhood was originally named Burrow&#39;s Bluff and Lookout Park and contains a three-acre park on a large hill.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>In 1984, the district included 21 buildings deemed to contribute to the historic character of the area, and one other contributing site. The neighborhood has local significance as being one of the few developed at the turn of the twentieth century with a park as the focal point.</p><br>
<p>Riverview Terrace runs along Clay Street from Fillmore Street northwest a few blocks to the edge of the former Marycrest College campus. On the south side of the neighborhood is Riverview Terrace Park. The park is a large steep hill, and offers a view of the river and Rock Island, Illinois. The area around the park contains large Italianate, Georgian, and Federal style houses. Beyond the park are smaller houses in the Bungalow and American Craftsman styles along with brick streets.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first house built in the district was J.M.D. Burrows house. Named Clifton, it is an Italianate house that was built in 1853. It remained the only house in the area until the 1880s. At that time it was joined by two Italian Villa-style homes, the Samuel Hoffman House (1401 Clay St.) and the Henry Petersen House (1012 Marquette). They were joined by houses for prominent German-American families that were significant in Davenports 19th century commercial and industrial development such as the Schrickers (pearl button manufacturing), Muellers (lumber milling), Strucks (banking), and the Petersens (retail merchandising). Many of these families had previously settled in the Hamburg neighborhood. The Schrickers built two of the citys finest examples of the Georgian Revival style, the John C. Schricker House (1896) and the Selma Schricker House (1902).</p><br>
<p>The land that the park sits on was acquired by the Davenport Board of Parks Commissioners in 1894. At that time it was called Lookout Park and was renamed Riverview Terrace shortly after 1900. It, along with Prospect Park, was part of a city program to develop public parks throughout Davenport. Unlike the Prospect Park neighborhood, which developed mostly large and fashionable residences, Riverview Terrace included construction of more modest-sized homes in the Foursquare and Craftsman styles that dominate the western portion of Clay Street. The Max Petersen and Kuno Struck houses were disconnected from the Riverview Terrace neighborhood when Marycrest College was established on their properties by the Catholic Diocese of Davenport in the 1930s.</p><br>
<p>The Falemauga Caves are large natural caverns in a series of lava-tunnels situated in the Tuamasaga district along the central ridge of Upolu island in Samoa. The caves have been studied by archaeologists in Samoa with evidence of human occupation in pre-history. They were also used as a place of refuge by the people of Tuamasaga.</p><br>
<p>The caves were explored and excavated in the early 1940s by New Zealand anthropologist Derek Freeman who published his report in the Journal of the Polynesian Society in 1944. Platforms constructed of stacked rocks, charcoal, stone adzes and marine shells were found in the caves.</p><br>
<p>In the Samoan language, the name Falemauga can be broken down into two words, fale which means house and mauga which means mountain.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Falemauga Caves are located in an inland area called Falemauga, about 6 miles south west from Apia, Samoa&#39;s capital. Entrance to the main system of tunnels is about five and a half miles south (inland) of the coastal village of Malie.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>When Freeman studied the caves in 1941, they were all located on a plantation owned by a Mr. S. V. Mackenzie of Apia. During his field work, Freeman stayed in Mackenzie&#39;s house in Falemauga, located about 900 feet from the caves. Prior to Mackenzie, the land had formerly been owned by a German, Herr Paul Ludwig Schroeder, whose son Mr. H. H. Schroeder, discovered the caves in 1914. The caves were visited in August 1914 by members of the New Zealand Expeditionary Force, which was occupying the country at the time. In 1920, they were visited by Dr. J. Allan Thomson, Director of the Dominion Museum in New Zealand. Other scholars who visited the caves include Jack Golson, who explored the caves in 1957 as well as eminent archaeologist Janet Davidson.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The caves are part of lava tubes, a result of old lava-flows near an extinct volcano called Sigaele in the islands volcanic interior. The islands of Samoa consist of high volcanic islands which have resulted in geological formations including caves and lava tubes, some which occur as water conduits and forming natural springs around the islands coastlines, like the Mata o le Alelo Pool on Savai&#39;i island and Piula Cave Pool on Upolu.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>Freeman describes in his report the entrance into the tunnels as almost circular, and measuring approximately 50 ft in diameter. The height above sea level at this point averaged about 1,555 ft.</p><br>
<p>The down-break opening had divided from what was once a single tunnel into two distinct sections, one to the north and one to the south. Freeman called the north section the North Cave and the south section the South Cave. The North Cave was a lot longer than the South Cave. Both caves were inhabited by Peapea (Collocalia francica), a species of swift and by many small bats.</p><br>
<h3>North Cave</h3><br>
<p>Entry into the North Cave was extremely confined and only four and one half feet in height and three feet in width. The length of the North Cave was 1,408 ft. Its width averaged at 25 ft until at a distance from the entrance of about 850 ft, there was an amphitheater (maximum width 56 ft) of considerable size which formed the center of a series of branches. The first branch was 150 ft, the second branch 900 ft, beyond which it was too confined for Freeman to measure. The height varied from 4 ft at the entrance to 30 ft in the amphitheater.</p><br>
<h3>South Cave</h3><br>
<p>In contrast to the confined entry to the North Cave, entry into the South Cave was 30 ft wide and about 20 ft high. Its length from the entry to termination was 513 ft, and there was no branching.</p><br>
<h3>Findings</h3><br>
<p>An elaborate system of rocky platforms were found in the caves, constructed mainly with pieces of fallen lava-rock and built up to a height of about 2 to 3 ft above the cave floor. Freeman recorded 152 platforms, 129 in the north cave, and 23 in the south cave. He also found numerous umu cook sites, fireplaces, and kitchen-middens as well as several lumps of ele a type of red volcanic rock used as a natural dye for Samoan siapo or tapa, a traditional bark cloth material. He found 5 stone adzes, four in the North Cave and one in the South Cave, a common type of prehistoric adze found in Samoa. A small circular rubbing-stone was found by a platform, which Freeman surmised was used for sharpening and polishing.</p><br>
<p>The Tuskegee Veterans Administration Medical Center began in 1923 as an old soldiers&#39; home in Tuskegee, Alabama. It was originally called the Tuskegee Home, part of the National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers system.</p><br>
<p>The home-hospital, eventually 27 buildings, was developed next to the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute campus (now Tuskegee University) on 464 acre, with 300 acres of the property donated by the Institute.</p><br>
<p>Its medical purpose was to provide long-term care for the 300,000 African-American veterans in the segregated South from World War I; such care was often denied or neglected at other veterans hospitals and old soldiers homes. Medical care of veterans after the war was one of a number of issues complicated by race; the government was struggling to get veterans employed, to develop programs for those who were disabled, as well as to treat those needing medical treatment. Having served their country, veterans wanted the federal government to intercede as they tried to re-enter society.</p><br>
<p>In 1930 three agencies were combined as the Veterans Administration, and the hospital center was put under its authority. Since 1997 the hospital complex has been part of the Central Alabama Veterans Health Care System; it is known as the East Campus of its four sites in Alabama and Georgia.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The home-hospital was developed to provide care for African-American veterans of World War I, who complained about difficulties in getting served in other facilities, particularly in the segregated South. Civil rights groups such as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People lobbied the federal government on its responsibilities to care for such veterans in providing health as well as employment and retraining services. Plans were made to open the hospital April first with a full white staff of white doctors and white nurses with colored nurse-maids for each white nurse, in order to save them from contact with colored patients.</p><br>
<p>The hospital&#39;s early emphasis was to be on treating tuberculosis, and mental illness related to combat and shell shock, the two diseases most often diagnosed in veterans after the war. While whites had resisted giving care to African-American veterans, particularly in the South, once Congress had authorized the veterans hospital at Tuskegee, whites in the city and the state started maneuvering to control the medical jobs at the new facility.</p><br>
<p>At the same time, African Americans wanted the hospital to be a place where they could get professional jobs. Dr. Robert Russa Moton, president of Tuskegee Institute, had to maneuver carefully to maintain local relations in the city, where whites were pushing to control jobs at the hospital. At the same time, he was under considerable pressure from the NAACP and the National Medical Association (made up of black doctors) to help guarantee professional jobs for black doctors and nurses at the center, who were restricted in their opportunities, especially in Alabama. Together with representatives of the NAACP and NMA, he appealed directly to Republican President Warren G. Harding, on the grounds that his party would lose the support of blacks, many of whom had supported the nation in the war, unless he helped them get jobs at this center. Harding directed regional and veterans&#39; officials to ensure that black doctors and nurses were recruited for the center and eventually committed to these positions being reserved for blacks. There was so much opposition to this among whites in Tuskegee that Moton received threats on his life, and made plans to go on a lecture tour. The Harding administration, made Dr. R. R. Moton a sort of referee for 12 million Negroes as to the personnel of the hospital and the Veterans’ Bureau promised him categorically that he would be consulted before anybody was appointed superintendent of the hospital. Colonel Robert H. Stanley, a white man, was made superintendent of the hospital and arrived at Tuskegee two days before Dr. Moton was notified.</p><br>
<p>Members of a local chapter of the Ku Klux Klan marched on the hospital, but their action resulted in a broader campaign by the NAACP and NMA, attracting national attention. Tuskegee whites did not gain the support of others in the South. The VA invited their participation in selection of a railroad route to serve the hospital. By 1924, the situation had calmed and Brig. Gen. Frank T. Hines, the director of the Veterans Bureau, appointed Dr. Joseph H. Ward, an African American, to head the hospital complex. During the next decade, "half of all black veterans who received hospital care were treated at Tuskegee, and all the black doctors employed by the Veterans Bureau worked there." While arguments continued over segregated federal facilities (the NAACP refused to support proposals for an exclusive African-American VA hospital in the North), the civil rights movement of this period helped ensure that black veterans gained access to top care and services, and that African Americans gained access to professional jobs in the health system. Dr. Moton wrote to President Harding and told him that if negro physicians and nurses were debarred from service in the hospital without at least being given a chance to qualify under the civil service rules it would bring justifiable criticism upon him and upon the Harding Administration.</p><br>
<p>The hospital opened with 600 beds and 250 patients. The first medical officer appointed in charge was Colonel Robert H. Stanley, who was white, but within a year, the government appointed African-American officials at the top levels, and many doctors were black. In 1930 the facilities were transferred to the United States Veterans Administration hospital system when that independent agency was established. By 1973, the medical complex had 2307 beds, including those in a 120-bed nursing home.</p><br>
<p>Dr. Toussaint T. Tildon was a psychiatrist, Harvard Medical School graduate and one of the first six African-American doctors recruited to the new hospital. He worked at the center for 34 years, for the last 12 serving as director, from 1946-1958. Beginning in the 1940s, he worked with the Veterans Administration and participating universities to gain full accreditation for residency programs at the center in medicine, surgery, or dentistry, in cooperation with the medical and dental schools at the University of Alabama and Emory University. He also worked to ensure that black doctors could get good jobs with the federal government at its medically related agencies and facilities. Many additional residency programs were established at the veterans center during the following decades.</p><br>
<p>In 1997 this center was merged for administration with a VA center in Montgomery, Alabama, and outpatient clinics in Dothan, Alabama and in Columbus, Georgia, forming the Central Alabama Veterans Health Care System. The Tuskegee facility is now called the East Campus of the CAVHCS. The four sites together serve 134,000 veterans in 43 counties in the central and southeastern portions of Alabama and western Georgia. With more care being provided on an outpatient basis, the center has 143 Hospital beds, 160 Nursing Home Care Unit beds, and 43 Homeless Domiciliary.</p><br>
<p>In 2012 the Tuskegee complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h3>Managing directors</h3><br>
<p>Dr. Charles W. Griffith, 1923–24</p><br>
<p>Dr. Joseph H. Ward, 1924–36</p><br>
<p>Dr. Eugene Dibble, 1936–46</p><br>
<p>Dr. Toussaint T. Tildon, 1946–58</p><br>
<p>Dr. Prince P. Barker, 1958–59</p><br>
<p>Dr. Howard W. Kenney, 1959–62</p><br>
<p>Dr. Julian W. Giles, 1962–69</p><br>
<p>Dr. Robert S. Wilson, 1969–72</p><br>
<p>Lucian A. Green, 1972-197?</p><br>
<p>Dr. David A. Tull, 1976-86</p><br>
<p>1997, merger and Central Alabama Veterans Health Care System (CAVHCS) established, with Tuskegee as the East Campus</p><br>
<p>Shirley Bealer, Acting Director, CAVHCS, 2008</p><br>
<p>Linda Boyle, 2016-Present</p><br>
<p>Carlheim  is a mansion located in the northeast part of Leesburg, Virginia. It was constructed in about 1872 for Pennsylvania industrialist Charles R. Paxton  and his wife Rachel who continued to live there until her death in December 1921. When constructed, it sat on over 760 acre roughly bounded on the north end by the Red Rock Wilderness Overlook Regional Park, the Balls Bluff Battlefield and the Potomac River. In accordance with Mrs. Paxton&#39;s will, the buildings and 50 surrounding acres were preserved and organized into a charitable trust to benefit "needy children."</p><br>
<p>Designed by New York architect Henry Dudley, the nearly 20,000 ft2 32-room Second Empire building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 for its architectural and local significance. In 2004, the property became a non-contiguous part of the Leesburg Historic District. The estate of Mr. and Mrs. Paxton was originally entered down a long tree lined driveway off of King Street. Today, that entrance is gone and there are two more contemporary entrances; Wildman Street (normally closed) and the new main entrance that was completed in 2009 at 601 Catoctin Circle.</p><br>
<p>Among the buildings that remain from the original estate but are outside the present campus include the Farm Managers Home (now the Exeter Community Club House) and the stabilized creamery ruins at Red Rock Park along Edwards Ferry Road.</p><br>
<p>The mansion and remaining 16 acre grounds are currently the home of the Margaret Paxton Memorial Learning and Resource Campus (also known as the Paxton Campus) which includes The Arc of Loudoun, The Aurora School, the ALLY Advocacy Center, Open Door Learning Center and STEP Up program. The Aurora School serves children and young adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Open Door is an inclusive preschool serving children ages 2–7 years with and without disabilities. The ALLY Advocacy Center provides advocacy services and social opportunities for people of all ages and abilities. The Paxton Campus is a registered non-profit organization registered under its legal name, The Arc of Loudoun. The Campus is privately owned property but holds several events open to the general public.</p><br>
<p>The major annual fundraising events on the Paxton Campus include:</p><br>
<p>The Music at the Manor free concert series (May)</p><br>
<p>The Paxton Manor Haunted House aka "Shocktober" (October)</p><br>
<p>The Vander Veer Park Historic District is a historic district in Davenport, Iowa, United States, that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. Over its 70.8 acre area, in 1985 it included 66 contributing buildings, 2 other contributing structures, one contributing site and one contributing object.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The historic district consists of houses surrounding Vander Veer Park. The neighborhood is located 22 blocks north of the Mississippi River at the head of the Harrison-Main-Brady thoroughfares, which originate in the city&#39;s central business district and rise above the bluffs. The park is bounded on the north by Central Park Avenue, to the east by Brady Street, south by Lombard Street, and to the west by Harrison Street. Middle- and upper-middle-class houses were built between 1895 and 1915 and are Queen Anne and Tudor Revival style. The neighborhood is anchored on the south by St. Paul Lutheran Church and the Outing Club. The focal point of the historic district is Vander Veer Park, which is a trapezoid of 33 acre. The beautiful atmosphere of the neighborhood is marred only by the density of traffic on Brady and Harrison Streets (formerly US 61).</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Vander Veer Park</h3><br>
<p>In 1885 the city of Davenport acquired the property that had been the Scott County Fairgrounds. It is a significant example of landscape planning, and of the civic improvements that were being made by the city in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Like its namesake it featured naturalistic landscaping, a glasshouse, floral gardens, a large pond, picnic pavilion and a picturesque bridge. Central Park was the first major park established by the City of Davenport. The year that it opened the city established the Board of Parks Commissioners. They acquired other properties and established residential parks similar to Central Park. The parks included both Lookout Park, later renamed Riverview Terrace, and Prospect Park that were brought into the citys system in 1894. Fejervary Park was acquired in 1902. Other major projects in the citys beautification program included riverfront improvement that created LeClaire Park and included the W.D. Petersen Memorial Music Pavilion, Dillon Fountain, and Union Station between 1911 and 1931.</p><br>
<p>Central Park was renamed Vander Veer after an early Davenport park commissioner in 1911. In the 1930s Civil Works Administration crews altered the park&#39;s plan by removing the corner entrances at Brady and Lombard Streets and at Harrison and Lombard Streets. The original street lights and the iron fountain were replaced with modern light standards and a stone-and-concrete fountain that was operated electrically.</p><br>
<h3>Neighborhood</h3><br>
<p>The establishment of Central Park increased the desirability and cost of the surrounding land for residential development. On the east side of Brady Street are the Central Park and Central Park Second additions that were platted in 1891 and 1896, respectively. The Outing Club and Temple Lane additions on the south side of the park, and two Norwood Park additions on the west side of Harrison were platted after 1900.</p><br>
<p>Davenports streetcar system was electrified and expanded into residential areas beyond the original city core near the river in 1888. The Brady Street line, which traveled from Second Street to Central Park, aided the areas development as well as the neighborhoods further to the east. Established as a horsecar line in 1870, it was one of Davenport&#39;s first streetcar routes and connected the central business district with the county fairgrounds. By the end of the 19th-century, it became a commuter route for businessmen and middle-class office workers.</p><br>
<p>Because the neighborhood was relatively affluent several of the houses were designed by prominent local architects, and three of them lived near the park. Rudolph Clausen, of Clausen & Burrows, lived in a Tudor-style house at 2330 Harrison Street. The firm also designed the H.G. Pape House at 2326 Harrison. Edward S. Hammatt, who designed multiple buildings for the Episcopal Diocese of Iowa, designed his house at 2313 Brady Street. Gustav Hanssens house was located at 124 Rusholme Street. He also designed two Neoclassical-style houses at 2317 and 2319 Brady Street. Hanssen was in a partnership with Dietrich Harfst who designed the Henry Deutsch House at 2101 Main Street (no longer extant) and the C.E. Hanssen House at 2322 Harrison Street in the American Craftsman style. A third house attributed to Hanssen and Harfst is the Henry Heubotter House at 2116 Main Street, which is a rambling version of the American foursquare. Although they didnt live in the neighborhood, Temple and Burrows designed the Georgian Revival E.C. Mueller House at 2136 Brady Street.</p><br>
<p>The Prospect Park Historic District in Davenport, Iowa, United States, is a historic district that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. In its 23.2 acre area, it included 23 contributing buildings in 1984. The Prospect Park hill was listed on the Davenport Register of Historic Properties in 1993.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The historic district is a small neighborhood located on the western border of the Village of East Davenport. It runs along Mississippi Avenue from Eleventh Street down to East River Drive and a block east along Prospect Drive and Prospect Terrace. For the most part the land was platted in</p><br>
<p>1894 by the Prospect Park Company. Several prominent Davenport businessmen were counted among its primary investors. The park land was acquired by the Davenport Board of Parks Commissioners in the same year. It was part of a city program to develop public parks throughout Davenport. Other parks in the program included Vander Veer, Riverview Terrace, and Fejervary. The neighborhood itself was developed from 1895 to 1910, and is one of many Davenport neighborhoods around the start of the 20th century to focus around a park. The neighborhood housed many prominent figures, including contractors, physicians, and attorneys. The proximity to and commanding view of the Mississippi River kept this neighborhood fashionable long after the original families had departed. Unlike similar west end and central neighborhoods, Prospect Park has retained mostly single family usage.</p><br>
<p>The neighborhood included three "family enclaves" that are associated with individuals who were active in Davenports commercial and industrial history in the late 19th and early 20th century. The Lanes lived on the upper end of Mississippi Avenue. Joseph R. Lane (1017 Mississippi) was an attorney, businessman, investor, and a one-term Republican USA Representative from Iowas 2nd congressional district. His carriage house is one of the few of its size that remain in the city. One of his sons, Dick (1005 Mississippi), had a large cross-gambrel house to the south. Another son, Reed (1008 Mississippi), lived across the street in a multi-gabled house. The Richardson family lived beyond Prospect Park. They were involved with the Davenport Democrat and the Lee newspaper syndicate. Jenness, who was secretary and treasurer of the Democrat Company, lived in a frame Neoclassical house at 1802 East River Drive. His brother Morris, secretary of the Richardson Land and Timber Company, lived next door in a frame Shingle style house at 1810. The McClelland&#39;s were involved in a major 19th century contracting firm of T.W. McClelland & Company. Wilson, who was heir to the estate, lived at 1820 East River Drive, and his mother, Anna, lived at 1616</p><br>
<p>Other significant people to Davenport economic life who lived in the neighborhood included Charles J. von Maur (1800 East River Drive) and Rowland Harned (830 Mississippi). They were partners in a local department store, Harned-Von Maur, that grew into the department store chain Von Maur. Davenport architect Parke T. Burrows, of the prominent local firm of Temple and Burrows, designed his Tudor Revival-style home at 935 Mississippi Avenue. He lived next door to lumber baron Edward S. Crossett in another Burrows-designed Tudor house. Other people involved in the lumber industry included Jules J. DeLescaille (901 Mississippi) and Ralph Lindsay, vice-president of the Lindsay-Phelps Company (224 Prospect Terrace).</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Houses in Prospect Park are very large, and are set back on spacious lots. The houses are late Queen Anne style, Neoclassical, and Tudor Revival and date from 1895 to 1925. One of the most prominent houses in the district is Hillside, a Georgian Revival style house located on the crest of the bluff at East River Drive and Mississippi Avenue. There is also a brick apartment building built after 1925 at 1022 Mississippi Avenue that does not fit in well with the surrounding single-family houses.</p><br>
<p>The neighborhood is architecturally distinct from those that surround it. Although it also contains large single-family homes, the Fulton Addition to the west dates primarily from the 1870s and 1880s. It includes the largely Victorian-style houses of the Bridge Avenue Historic District. The Mount Ida and East Davenport neighborhoods located to the north and east respectively were developed from the mid-1850s until well into the 20th century. They largely contain small-scale, closely spaced houses of working-class people.</p><br>
<p>Milton Court, at the far west of the town of Dorking, is a 17th-century country house in Surrey. The Court was expanded and substantially rebuilt by the Victorian architect William Burges and is a Grade II* Listed Building including the attached forecourt walls, balustrading, terrace, piers, urns and stone-carved ball finial.</p><br>
<p>Originally a priory, the estate was granted to George Evelyn, father of the diarist John Evelyn, at the Protestant Reformation, lord of the manor of adjoining manor of Wotton, Surrey where the family established still grander and more expensive Wotton House, today a hotel. In the nineteenth century, it was bought by Lachlan Mackintosh Rate, a wealthy lawyer, banker and philanthropist. He employed William Burges to undertake substantial rebuilding. Working in an ornate Jacobean style, Burgess added twenty rooms, with elaborate fireplaces and ceilings. Perhaps the most successful is the famed Flower room, formerly Mrs Rate&#39;s boudoir. Nicholas Pevsner describes it as "a picturesque seven-bay house with shaped gables".</p><br>
<p>The house is now the UK headquarters of the health insurance company Unum, which has worked to restore the house and its interior decoration.</p><br>
<p>The McClellan Heights Historic District is a 188.2 acre historic district in Davenport, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984, at which time it included 354 buildings deemed to contribute to the historic character of the area.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>McClellan Heights is the largest neighborhood in the east end of Davenport. It is located east of the Village of East Davenport. It runs from Jersey Ridge Road to the Bettendorf city limits, and from River Drive to Middle Road. Dating from 1905-1940, four hundred houses make up the McClellan Heights neighborhood. The neighborhood is made up of many hills and ravines. The streets follow the topography which requires many winding roads and odd-shaped lots. The southern portion of McClellan Heights is very wooded which adds to the attractiveness of the neighborhood. Developed from south to north, including four very large mansions built before World War I, the area became popular with upper-middle-class residents. The area was mostly settled by Dutch and New England immigrants. The park-like setting, and proximity to and view of the river, have kept this neighborhood fashionable even today. The houses remain in good to excellent condition. The few brick streets that run through the neighborhood also remain in excellent condition.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The area was known as Camp McClellan during the American Civil War, and gives the neighborhood its name. It was the largest of the five Union Army training camps in and around the city of Davenport. The land the camp was built on belonged to Thomas Russel Allen of St. Louis, Missouri and consisted of over 300 acre. Part of Camp McClellan was set aside to become Camp Kearney where the federal government imprisoned 277 male members of the Sioux tribe, 16 women and two children and one member of the Ho-Chunk tribe. The men were involved in the Dakota War of 1862 in Minnesota and were held in the camp as prisoners because President Abraham Lincoln commuted their death sentences. After the war ended in 1865 the camp was decommissioned, and the buildings were torn down after the Native Americans left Camp Kearney in 1866.</p><br>
<p>The land was returned to Ann R. Allen, Thomas Allen’s widow. In June 1900 the Grand Army of the Republic (GAR) held an encampment on the site.</p><br>
<p>There were several restrictions imposed on those who built in the subdivision. One house could not obstruct the view of another, each house was to be double the cost of the lot it was built on, and commercial activity was not permitted. There was also an officer who was responsible for the beatification of the subdivision, making repairs, caring for the plant life and weeding, and snow and ice removal.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Housing styles in McClellan Heights tend to follow a free-form eclecticism that was characteristic of the period rather than a desire to recreate classical architectural styles. Elements of past styles were utilized here, but they were employed in a less literal fashion by using a few details to suggest rather than recreate the earlier forms. The revival styles that were more commonly used in the neighborhood were Tudor Revival and Mediterranean Revival as well as the Colonial Revival forms from New England to Dutch Colonial and Georgian. The Prairie style is somewhat ubiquitous throughout the neighborhood, but again, not in a literal sense. There are only a few textbook examples of the style in McClellan Heights. Instead, it found its expression in the use of broad roofs, horizontal window openings, and placing upper story windows just below the eaves. Its use was adapted by combining the Prairie style with the revival styles as well as two other typically American styles that are found throughout the neighborhood, American Craftsman and American Foursquare.</p><br>
<h2>Contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>Diedrich Busch House</p><br>
<p>Lindsay Park</p><br>
<p>The Crescent Warehouse Historic District is a 10.5 acre historic district in Davenport, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The district is associated with the commercial and industrial development that happened on the east side of the downtown area between 1900 and 1950. This was a transition period for the city&#39;s economy as it moved from a lumber-based economy to a more diverse industrial and commercial base. During this time new factories, warehouses and railroad buildings were constructed in the district. This collection of multi-story industrial based buildings is rare within the state of Iowa.</p><br>
<p>The historic district is a roughly rectangular area with East Fourth Street on the south and East Fifth Street on the north, Iowa Street on the east and Pershing on the west. The southwest corner of the district widens to include the railroad viaduct over the intersection of East Fourth Street and Pershing Avenue. The area was located between two “crescents” that were created by elevated railroad tracks. The tracks that remain are the former main line of the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad and now belong to the Iowa Interstate Railroad. The second crescent was created by a branch of the tracks from the main line to the Rock Island’s railroad yards north of East Fourth Street. The second crescent and the yards have subsequently been removed. At the time of its nomination, the district consisted of 16 resources, which included 14 contributing buildings and two contributing structures. with</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Crescent Warehouse Historic District is located in what is known as LeClaire’s Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Additions to the original city of Davenport, which lies to the west. The additions were part of a square mile plot of land given to city founder Antoine LeClaire by the Native American tribes who inhabited the region before American expansion into what is now the state of Iowa. That plot of land is known as the LeClaire Reserve. The city was founded in 1836 and its early economy was based on serving the settlers who moved to and through the area. The main business interests included flour mills, foundries, sawmills and other small-scale manufacturers. In the 1850s the economy increasingly became based on woodworking operations. Logs from the pine forests in Minnesota and Wisconsin were floated down the Mississippi River and processed in mills along the riverfront. Other businesses such as planning mills, barrel factories, furniture factories, cigar box factories and ladder factories joined the sawmills. Many were located along the Mississippi River and the main line of the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad in the decades immediately before and after the American Civil War.</p><br>
<h3>Rock Island Railroad</h3><br>
<p>The area that would become the Crescent Warehouse Historic District was sparsely developed through the 1870s. In 1872 a new double-deck wagon and railroad bridge was built at the foot of Iowa Street across the Mississippi River. The new mainline of the Rock Island Railroad spurred development in the area. They built a new rail yard between Iowa Street and Front Street (now East River Drive) in the 1880s. Car repair shops and a roundhouse were begun in 1887. The woodworking industries hit their peak in the mid-1890s and as other industries moved into the area the land around the Rock Island Railroad’s main line became more desirable. Also, after the decline in the woodworking industries the riverfront property in the downtown area where some of the mills were located became LeClaire Park in the early 20th century. The riverfront property on the east side of town reverted to other industries, especially after a disastrous fire in the wood yards near the Village of East Davenport.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1890s, the eastern portion of the district was home to a few small-scale manufacturing facilities for the Crescent Mills, the Davenport Oatmeal Company and the Reupke, Schmidt & Company Steam Bakery. West of Iowa Street was found small warehouses, small frame houses, larger rooming houses, a tavern, a lumber yard and the former location of Trinity Episcopal Church.</p><br>
<p>The present Government Bridge was completed in 1895 on the piers of the 1872 bridge. The first level of the bridge was equipped to carry electric streetcars as well as other modes of transportation. The upper level continued to carry the Rock Island Railroad. In 1901 and 1902 the railroad right of way was elevated through the downtown area. Four tracks were placed on most of the elevated rail bed to accommodate the 70 passenger trains that passed through the city. A new passenger station was built three blocks to the west of Rock Island Avenue (the present Pershing Avenue). While not in the historic district it proved convenient for the traveling salesmen employed by the businesses that would make the district its home. At the same time that the main line was being elevated rail sidings were being laid in the streets and alleys of the district to serve warehouse and factory customers. The infrastructure for the railroad was completed by 1910. At the same time, the Rock Island Railroad consolidated their old shops elsewhere and built a new freight station in response to the expanded need for rail freight.</p><br>
<h3>Factories and Warehouses</h3><br>
<p>At the same time the Rock Island Railroad expanded, Davenport’s population began to expand. At the turn of the 20th century the city’s population stood at 35,254 and by 1910 it rose to 43,028. Another 13,000 were added by 1920 and the population total stood at 56,727. In response the commercial and industrial operations in the city expanded as well. Many of the smaller firms in the city consolidated and so the number of business actually declined during this period as the number of wage earners increased. These larger firms saw an increase in earnings from $12 million in 1900 to $50 million in 1920.</p><br>
<p>The western and southern sections of the district were transformed from a largely residential area to a mix of factory and warehouse buildings. Six such buildings were constructed between 1900 and 1910 with another six buildings built the following decade. By 1901 the Davenport Paper Box Company and the Kerker Paper Box Company were among the first businesses to build new structures in the district. They were followed by the Sieg Iron Company warehouse (1905), a heavy hardware distributor, and grocery distributor Smith Brothers and Burdick Company (1905). The later building was built on the property vacated by Trinity Church. The Halligan Coffee Company built a new office and warehouse building in 1907 at the corner of East Fourth and Iowa Streets. The freight building was the sixth building built in that decade.</p><br>
<p>In 1911 the Preston, Sickles and Nutting Company, a wholesale hardware company, started construction of a six-story building on the northeast corner of Rock Island and East Fifth Streets. On January 25, 1915, the Crescent Macaroni and Cracker Company building on Iowa Street was destroyed in a fire. The building had been built as the original Burtis House Hotel. They replaced their factory with a new building that was completed within 18 months. At the same time across Iowa Street, the Sieg Company was expanding and built a new office building. The same year the Ewert and Richter Express and Storage Company, which already had a four-story building on East Fourth Street, was building a new six-story addition next door. The older building was destroyed in a fire on February 8, 1933. That same year a new three-story building, designed to match the 1915 building, was designed and constructed.</p><br>
<p>The Great Depression saw a decline in the local economy. Davenport, however, continued to be an important regional jobbing center with 62.6 percent of the bi-state wholesale business headquartered in the city. The wholesale businesses contributed $50 million to the local economy in 1940. After World War II the Crescent Macaroni and Cracker Company, Halligan Coffee Company, Smith Brothers and Burdick Company, Sieg Company, Marbury Coats factory, General Electric Company distributorship, Schlegel Drug Stores wholesale division, Buhrer Brokerage Company food brokers, and Frank Lewis Company food brokers were all headquartered in the district. The last building built in the Crescent Warehouse Historic District was an automobile showroom for Vincent J. Neu Oldsmobile in 1950. The single-story building on the northwest corner of East Fourth and Iowa Streets housed the dealership for only nine years when the dealership’s rapid growth forced it to move outside the central business district.</p><br>
<h3>Loft Apartments</h3><br>
<p>The buildings in the district continued to house a variety of businesses over the years. Although its ownership changed several times, the Crescent Macaroni and Cracker Company remained in operation until 1991. In 2003 The Alexander Company of Madison, Wisconsin started the process of converting several of the structures into loft apartment buildings. Thus far the Crescent building and the former Rock Island freight house (also known as the Waterloo Mills building) were converted into 73 units in 2005 and are now known as the Davenport Lofts. The Ewert and Richter warehouse buildings became a 56 unit complex that was completed in 2007 and is now known as 4th Street Lofts. The Kerker building was converted into 18 units in 2012 and is called the Kerker Lofts. That same year Restoration St. Louis, who had already renovated the Hotel Blackhawk and the Forrest Block in downtown Davenport, bought the Smith Brothers and Burdick Company building to convert into loft apartments, which opened in January 2015 as the Market Lofts with 37 units. In 2014 the Alexander Company converted the Sieg Iron building on Iowa Street into a 33 unit apartment building. Y & J Properties completed a $6.5 million renovation of the Halligan Coffee Company building into 45 market-rate lofts in April 2015. The following month the Crescent Electric Company building and the Sieg Iron Company building, contiguous buildings on East Fifth Street, received $3.1 million in historic tax credits from the state of Iowa. They are the last two buildings in the district to be renovated.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The buildings in the district include multi-story wholesale and transfer warehouses, large and small-scale multi-story factories and small-scale mixed-use buildings. Some of Davenport’s most prominent architectural firms contributed buildings. Most of the buildings were built in the Vernacular commercial style. These structures feature segmental brick window arches, stone lintels, and brick corbelling along the cornice line. The first Sieg Iron Company building at 312 East Fifth Street and the Davenport Paper Box Company building at 310 East Fourth Street exemplify this style. The Smith Brothers and Burdick Company building at 427 Pershing Avenue and the Halligan Coffee Company building at 402 East Fourth Street were designed in the Classical Revival style. They were the product of Temple, Burrows and McLane. Both buildings have a main floor and a cornice that are set off by stone and metal Classical ornamentation. In between is a multi-story shaft that contains segmental and flat-arched windows. The Sickles, Preston and Nutting Company building at 511 Pershing Avenue and the second Sieg Iron Company building at 500 Iowa Street were designed by Davenport architect Arthur Ebeling. They are typical of his style which features simple, functional buildings with minimal ornamentation and practical floor plans. The Davenport architectural firm of Clausen & Kruse contributed the Crescent Macaroni and Cracker Company building at 427 Iowa Street and both Ewert and Richter Transfer and Storage Company buildings at 320 East Fourth Street.</p><br>
<p>The two railroad related structures in the Crescent Warehouse Historic District include the railroad bridge over the intersection of East Fourth Street and Pershing Avenue and the remaining section of the rail bed. The bridge is an Warren through-truss bridge. There is a similar span over the intersection of East Third and Iowa Streets. The second contributing structure is approximately 200 ft of the second elevated crescent-shaped rail bed. It lies just north of East Fourth Street in the southeast corner of the district. The rest of the berm and the bridge that spanned Fourth Street were removed in the 1970s. The original stone bridge abutments on the north side of Fourth Street remain in a deteriorated condition and without the facing stone.</p><br>
<p>The Lenox Hotel is a historic building located in Lenox, Iowa, United States. The original Lenox hotel had been built in 1874, and was destroyed in a fire in 1912. Local businessmen formed the Lenox Hotel Company to construct a new building in its place. Vern Dunlap was the general contractor who built the new hotel, which was completed in 1916. An addition was built onto the back of the building sometime in the 1960s. The lower level commercial space housed the White Way Cafe from 1942 until it closed in 1979. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. The Lenox hotel is a three-story brick structure with a prominent front porch. The porch is elevated 3.5 ft above the street level, and it features a double staircase.</p><br>
<p>Koldewey Island  is an island in Franz Josef Land, Russia.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The island is 3.7 km in length. Its highest point is 66 m (temporarily named as Mountain of Carl-Christian). On the top there is a double peak stack 6 m high. The second-highest point Mountain of Robert-Johann in the southwest is named after Carl Koldewey&#39;s son Robert Koldewey. The island has no lakes but its single valley has a creek in the summer.</p><br>
<p>The island belongs to the Russkaya Arktika National Park since 15 June 2009. There is the same arctic climate and flora as the "mother" island Salm but Koldewey is fully unglacierized.</p><br>
<p>The sound between both islands is about 200 m deep. The island extends in two directions: in the north more dynamically with a longish steep cape and small islet Schoenau at the end, in the southwest very shallow, long flat bar cape with over 6 km underwater reef not deeper as 35 m, that connects with the glacierized side of the Salm Island. The middle peak of the large bank (temporarily named Siegfried-Elof Bar) reaches just a meter and a half under the surface and lies in the Lavrov Sound 12 km opposite to the famous Cape Tegethoff on Hall Island.</p><br>
<p>Koldewey Island is named after Captain Carl Koldewey, leader of the second German expedition to Greenland and Spitzbergen in the late 19th century.</p><br>
<h2>Adjacent islands</h2><br>
<p>Very close to Koldewey Island, off its northern point, lies one of the smallest islands:</p><br>
<p>Schönau Island, Ostrov Shœnau (Остров Шёнау) lies in the Lavrov Sound opposite to the Hall and Berghaus Islands. It is only 90 m across.</p><br>
<p>The Benjamin Blacksmith Shop is a blacksmithy and museum, in operation since before 1885, located adjacent to the Biddle House on Market Street on Mackinac Island in the USA state of Michigan. It is part of Mackinac Island State Park. Mackinac Island is known for its local ordinances that forbid privately operated motor vehicles and encourage widespread use of horses, and this smithy displays and celebrates examples of the craft of horseshoeing.</p><br>
<h2>History and today</h2><br>
<p>The Star Blacksmith Shop was bought by blacksmith-postmaster Robert Benjamin in 1885. At that time, and for 80 years thereafter, it operated at a slightly different location on Market Street. Mackinac Islands population was not big enough to allow the Benjamin family to specialize in the work done by the shop. It operated as a mixed smithy, performing craft forge operations and horseshoeing for the Islands large summer and smaller winter populations.</p><br>
<p>After blacksmith Herbert Benjamin&#39;s death in 1965, the Benjamin Blacksmith Shop was threatened with closure. In 1968, heir Robert Benjamin donated the shop and its fittings to the Mackinac Island State Park Commission, which moved the building to its present location adjacent to the Biddle House and restored it to its appearance in the 1950s.</p><br>
<p>As a tourist attraction starting in 1968, the Benjamin Blacksmith Shop largely ended its horseshoeing work (which continued at other locations on Mackinac Island) and specialized in craft metalwork. Blacksmiths can be seen at this location throughout the State Park&#39;s period of full summer operations, forging mild steel items and implements for use by the State Park and sale to the public.</p><br>
<p>Admission is by Fort Mackinac ticket. Since 1985, the Shop has hosted an annual Blacksmith Convention, usually held on the first weekend in August.</p><br>
<p>Sabkhat al-Jabbūl or Mamlahat al-Jabbūl or Lake Jabbūl  is a large, traditionally seasonal, saline lake and concurrent salt flats 30 km southeast of Aleppo, Syria, in the Bāb District of Aleppo Governorate. It is the largest natural lake in Syria and the second largest lake after the artificial Lake Assad. In 2009 the lake covered about 100 km&sup2; and was relatively stable. The salt flats are extensive and can be seen from space. The area includes the Sabkhat al-Jabbul Nature Reserve, a protected waterfowl site.</p><br>
<p>Today the Sabkhat al-Jabbul exists within a closed basin, but during the Pleistocene the basin filled, overflowed and formed a tributary of the Euphrates. The lake traditionally flooded in the spring shrinking back during the summer and autumn. However, starting in 1988, irrigation projects on adjacent lands started discharging significant amounts of partially saline water into the basin, stabilizing the water table and creating the current (2009) lake of 100 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<h2>Resource use</h2><br>
<p>Primary uses of the area include tourism, waterfowl hunting, livestock grazing on the surrounding steppe and salt extraction. Al-Jubbul is the major source of salt in Syria, other sources include Lake Jayrud, Rif Dimashq Governorate, to the northeast of Damascus and Lake Khatuniyah (Khatunia), Al-Hasakah Governorate, to the northeast of Al-Hasakah, near the village of Al Hawi and the Iraqi border.</p><br>
<p>The Frederick Kindleberger Stone House and Barn is a historic farmstead in the rural southeastern region of the USA state of Ohio. Located near the village of Clarington in Monroe County, the complex is distinguished by its heavy masonry architecture, and it has been named a historic site.</p><br>
<p>Born in Bavaria in 1835, Frederick Kindleberger emigrated to Monroe County and became one of Switzerland Township&#39;s larger landholders, owning a farm that eventually surpassed 200 acre. In this rural area, most construction employed lighter materials; barns, for example, were virtually all frame structures, and the occasional exceptions were log structures. As a stonemason, Kindleberger decided to construct his farmstead in the medium to which he was accustomed: the house and barn are constructed of sandstone with slate roofs, and only occasional elements are fashioned of wood. His house is a one-and-one-half-story building constructed in the shape of the letter "H&quot a porch is placed on one end, sheltering a door and window, while two windows overlook the porch roof. On the long sides, a pair of windows is placed at the end of each extension, while the deeply recessed center includes both fenestration and an entrance. At the sides, the roof is steeply pitched, but a line of short windows sits atop each section of the roof, with a nearly flat roofline above the windows.</p><br>
<p>Kindleberger constructed his house and barn in 1873 and 1883 respectively. Throughout their history, they have been recognized as critical components of the built environment of Monroe County and southeastern Ohio. In 1980, the complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying both because of its architecture and because of its place in local history.</p><br>
<p>The William Winter Stone House is a historic residence in Clermont County, Ohio, United States. Constructed at the dawn of the nineteenth century, it was home to some of the area&#39;s first settlers, and it has been named a historic site.</p><br>
<p>Born in Virginia, Mordecai Winters and his family moved to the Northwest Territory at the end of the eighteenth century, becoming established in Williamsburg by 1800. The first resident of the house, William Winter, was Mordecai&#39;s son; both father and son lived together in the house following its completion. The house ceased to be used solely for residential purposes during the middle of the century: from 1848 until 1880, the Mount Olive post office operated out of the kitchen, and a general store was run out of a back addition that was constructed circa 1850.</p><br>
<p>Despite its name, the William Winter Stone House is not completely built of stone; the two-story walls are composed of some stone sections and some brick, with a metal roof and elements of wood and stone. Chimneys sit atop the roofline at both ends of the house&#39;s gabled roof. The three-bay facade is pierced by five windows, in addition to a door with four-piece transom light in the center of the first story. In addition to the frame general store addition, the house employs wood for much of the interior; the original black walnut woodworking is still largely present. The overall design is largely typical of the Federal style of architecture.</p><br>
<p>In early 1977, the William Winter Stone House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying both because of its architecture and because of its place as the home of a leading local citizen, William Winter. For much of its history, the house has been an informal landmark for locals, both because of its architecture and because of its significant commercial role in what was once a remote part of the county.</p><br>
<p>The Stringer Stone House, also known as the John B. Bayless House, was a historic stone mansion located at 224 Warren Avenue in Rayland, Ohio. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 10, 1974. It was destroyed by fire in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1836 by John Brown Bayless, an abolitionist from Maryland. The interior was decorated with murals by an Italian artist, including a waterfall beside the stairs, William Penn&#39;s treaty with the Indians, a castle in England, and a gristmill and mill workers. In 1860 it was purchased by Jefferson D. Stringer. Rutherford B. Hayes visited it in 1876, during his term as governor of Ohio.</p><br>
<p>Bayless constructed a three-and-a-half-story building out of gray sandstone. Much about the design was unusual: he placed the main entrances on the second story, the stone chimneys on each end consisted of attached pairs, and the house faced away from the road. The largest exception to the house&#39;s almost complete stone construction was a small wooden porch surrounding the front entrance; it was accessed by a set of stone steps.</p><br>
<p>The house was destroyed by a fire in 1982. the site remained vacant.</p><br>
<p>Huntroyde Hall is a grade II listed, 16th-century house in the civil parish of Simonstone in the Borough of Ribble Valley, Lancashire, England. Its estate, Huntroyde Demesne  extends to the north west edge of Padiham in the Borough of Burnley.</p><br>
<p>The house was constructed on an H-shaped plan in 1576 for the Starkie family and re-built in the Georgian style in the mid-19th century. Wings added to the west side in 1777 and 1850 have since been demolished. The remaining part of the house was re-faced in ashlar sandstone in 1885.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Huntroyde</h3><br>
<p>A hall was built for Edmund Starkie in 1576. It is thought to have been of a typical design for the period, approximately 24.5 m wide and of two storeys with a central hall, and mullioned windows. Wings at both ends projected 2.5 m at the front and rear. The central hall was about 10.7 m by 6 m with entrances at either end of a passageway at its western side.</p><br>
<p>In 1631 a gatehouse was constructed aligned to the northern entrance, and a full width walled courtyard about 14.3 m deep was created. A plan from 1777 shows further alterations. An extension was built along the eastern side and the courtyard had a stable block and other outbuildings. The northwest projection had been widened to incorporate a staircase in the hall and a new south-facing entrance in the north-west corner. The old south entrance was replaced by a window and a larger doorway into the hall was located centrally.</p><br>
<p>The plan documents the major building program commenced for Le Gendre Starkie (c.1735–1792). In 1777 a wing was constructed extending 28 m west from the south-west corner of the building. It was constructed in the Georgian style in ashlar sandstone with sash windows and a hipped roof. Alterations were made to the west end of the old hall to connect it to the new. Around 1789 the old outbuildings were replaced with a servants&#39; wing, fully enclosing that side of the courtyard. The exterior was given ornamental battlements and sash windows replacements. In early 19th century images of the hall is another wing extending west from the 1777 extension. It mirrors the old hall and added balance when viewed from the south. This wing was replaced in 1850. The new building contained a library, entrance hall supported by marble pillars and a smoking room.</p><br>
<p>In 1879 a range of stores and offices was erected to the north side of the old courtyard, incorporating the gatehouse. Between 1885 and 1888, the old building underwent further restoration, the front was refaced in ashlar, the sash windows replaced with larger mullions. The north side was largely rebuilt including a first floor billiards room.</p><br>
<p>The house was partially demolished in 1969 and 1970 to reduce it to a more manageable size and was sold in 1983.</p><br>
<p>The estate private but corporate events such as simulated game shooting and clay pigeon shooting are held in the grounds. The estate is fragmented by public footpaths, roads and farms. The gatehouse or lodge to the hall, known as Arbory Hall, is in Arbory Drive, Padiham near the cricket field. It was built in 1790 and is now a private residence.</p><br>
<h3>Starkie Family</h3><br>
<p>In 1465, Edmund Starkie of Barnton near Northwich in Cheshire married Elizabeth de Simonstone the heiress of the land at Huntroyde.</p><br>
<p>In 1578 Nicholas Starkie (born c.1566), son and heir of Edmund, the builder of Huntroyde married Anne Parr, the heiress of estates at Kempnough in Worsley and Cleworth Hall in Tyldesley that in 1596 was associated with witchcraft. His son John (1584–1665) inherited the estate in 1618 and went on to become one of the Chief Justices of the Peace in Lancashire and Sheriff of Lancaster. His eldest son Nicholas, a captain in the Parliamentary army, inherited but was killed in 1643 by the gunpowder explosion at the siege of Hoghton Tower. In 1651 an estate was purchased at Kearsley, south of Bolton.</p><br>
<p>Nicholas son John was High Sheriff of Lancashire in 1656 and died in 1676. He had married Alice Norris in 1654 and through her inherited Hall i th Wood in Bolton. The estate passed to Johns son John and then to John jnr&#39;s son Piers.</p><br>
<p>Piers expanded the familys landholdings further with the estates of Rogerstead in the Heaton area of Bolton (1726), Shuttleworth in Hapton (1734), Snydale, Westhoughton (1744), Coldcoats, Pendleton, Sunderland, Balderstone (1756), Lovely, Salesbury (1757), and (Great) Mearley in Mearley (1758). However he died childless in 1760 and left the estate to his cousins son Le Gendre Starkie (c.1735–1792), after which is passed to Le Gendres son, Le Gendre Piers Starkie (1760–1807), who was High Sheriff of Lancashire in 1806. The Starkies were major landowners in Heyhouses (now part of Sabden) from at least 1787 and in 1801 Le Gendre Piers Starkie purchased the remaining portion. Over Pendleton Moor, Little Pendleton was purchased in 1807 and Wymondhouses in two lots in 1809 and 1811. Both these estates neighbour Coldcoats.</p><br>
<p>The estate was then inherited by the latters son Le Gendre Starkie (1790–1822), High Sheriff in 1815 and after his early death by his younger brother Le Gendre Nicholas Starkie (1799–1865), Member of Parliament for Pontefract from 1826 to 1832 and a prominent Freemason, being Provincial Grand Master for the Western Division of Lancashire. His son, Le Gendre Nicholas Starkie (1828–1899), was High Sheriff in 1868 and MP for Clitheroe from 1853 to 1856. Also a prominent Freemason, he was Provincial Grand Master for the Eastern Division of Lancashire from 1870 to 1899. In 1876 Kempnough Hall was sold to the Bridgewater Trustees. Rogerstead was sold to the Bolton Corporation in 1879, becoming one of the towns cemeteries. Hall i th Wood was sold in 1899, becoming a museum.</p><br>
<p>He left the estate to his son Edmund Arthur Le Gendre Starkie (1871–1958). He allowed Huntroyd to be used as a hospital for convalescent soldiers during the First World War. After Edmund&#39;s death in 1958, the estate passed to his nephew, Guy Le Gendre Starkie (1909–1985).</p><br>
<p>St. Anthony&#39;s Catholic Church is a historic Roman Catholic church in Padua, an unincorporated community in Washington Township, Mercer County, Ohio, United States. Built in the late nineteenth century, it remains the home of a functioning congregation, and it has been recognized as a historically significant building because of its architecture.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>Founded in 1848, Padua is one of the oldest communities in the region. No church existed in Padua in its first few years; in order to hear Mass, the Catholics of the community typically travelled to Minster, over 20 miles (35 km) away. Itinerant priests from the Society of the Precious Blood visited the church occasionally; lacking a priest on many Sundays, the people often found it necessary to travel to St. Peter&#39;s Church, 6 miles (10 km) away, for worship.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>By the 1870s, the congregation had grown to the point that the old log church had become too small to hold its parishioners. After a member, Gerhard Homan, donated land slightly south of the original church, preparations for construction began in 1873; at this time, workers began to bring stone from New Bremen for the churchs foundation, while others began to make bricks at the site of the future church. Local architect Anton DeCurtins designed the new structure, which was built by a Mr. Van Oss of Minster; under their leadership, construction was completed in 1875, and the building was finished in 1879. The single-story church was erected atop a basement; its walls were faced with a stretcher bond, and the gabled roof was finished with slates. Among its most distinctive elements are the square pilasters on each corner of the buildings facade. Inside, many of the walls of the sanctuary were decorated with frescoes, and it was lit by stained glass windows donated by members of the congregation. The sanctuary was further enriched by the installation of a large high altar in 1880 and a pipe organ in 1900.</p><br>
<p>Architectural historians have divided the Precious Blood-related churches of western Ohio into multiple generations. Only a few buildings remain from the first generation, which consisted primarily of small wooden churches, and only St. Johns Church in Fryburg remains essentially unchanged. Replacing these wooden buildings were the churches of the second generation, which were generally small brick buildings without tall spires. St. Anthonys simple brick walls and rectangular floorplan places it in the second generation; its large tower, atypical of second-generation churches, is the result of an expansion in 1900, which also included the enlargement of the sacristy and the addition of frescoes on the ceiling. It is not the only church in the region that has been expanded vertically; the first-generation St. Augustine&#39;s Catholic Church in Minster now includes massive twin towers, which were added more than 25 years after the church was built.</p><br>
<p>Located near the church are a former rectory, built in 1900, and a former parish school, while an older cemetery is located near the site of the parish&#39;s original building, approximately ¼ mile north of the present church.</p><br>
<h2>Recent history</h2><br>
<p>An architectural survey performed in 1977 rated both the interior and the exterior of the church in good condition. Two years later, the church was recognized for its architecture and its high quality of preservation when it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. Thirty-three other buildings related to the Society of the Precious Blood, including twenty-six churches, were added to the Register at the same time. The church dominates the architecture of Padua, which remains a tiny community.</p><br>
<p>Today, St. Anthony&#39;s remains an active parish of the Archdiocese of Cincinnati. It is clustered with Holy Trinity parish in Coldwater and St. Mary parish in Philothea; the entire cluster is a part of the St. Marys Deanery.</p><br>
<p>The First Presbyterian Church of Aurora, Indiana is a historic Presbyterian congregation and church located at Aurora, Dearborn County, Indiana. The original building completed in 1855 is still used, and is believed to have been designed by architect John R. Hamilton. It is a two-story, rectangular, Greek Revival style red brick building painted white. It measure approximately 45 feet wide by 75 feet deep and rests on a rough cut limestone foundation. It features a steeply tower consisting of a base, belfry, clock, and steeple.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994. It is located in the Downtown Aurora Historic District.</p><br>
<p>According to the churchs website "a committee of the Presbytery of Madison organized the First Presbyterian Church of Aurora, Indiana&#39; in 1844" with members of the Hancock, Gaff, Cannon, Kennedy, Lotham, McConnell, and Witherow families and Rev. W.A. Smith as the first installed pastor.</p><br>
<p>The churchs website states that land was purchased in 1848 and the first phase of construction was completed by 1850 "when the congregation began to meet in what is now the basement of the church". Second phase construction was completed in 1855. This included the "Greek Revival" sanctuary and bell-tower and "a four-faced" public clock which was "the official time-piece of the City of Aurora until 1981 when it was formally donated to the Congregation by the city council". The church is said to have had the first pipe organ in Dearborn County, installed in the church in 1860 after "a boat transporting the instrument was wrecked at Aurora and the congregation purchased it as salvage&#39;." "The pipes were made of wood, and the bellows were pumped by hand."</p><br>
<p>The congregation is currently in a "yoked" relationship with Hopewell Presbyterian Church of Dillsboro, Indiana, meaning that the pastor of First Presbyterian also serves as the pastor of Hopewell and that certain administrative and mission functions of both congregations work in close harmony with one another.</p><br>
<p>Agioi Deka  is a village in the Heraklion regional unit, Greece, with 861 inhabitants . It is located in the 44th km of the Heraklion-Tympaki national road and it is the centre of the municipality of Gortyna .</p><br>
<p>The village is built on the feet of a green hill with view to the plain of Messara, at altitude of 170 meters, over the remains of ancient Gortys. It is supposed that the cemetery of Gortys was located in this area, and many of the old houses are built using recycled material from the ruins of Gortys. There is a local archaeological museum containing finds from the area. Other archaeological remains include the Praetorium located between Agioi Deka and Gortys, the tombs of Agioi Deka and the old church in the centre of the old village.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The name of the village means Ten Saints, referring to the ten Martyrs of Crete (Agathopus, Basilides, Gelasius, Evaristus, Eunician, Euporus, Zoticus, Theodulus, Saturninus, and either Cleomenes or Mobius or Pompeius) who martyred there in 250 AD during the religious persecutions of the Roman emperor Decius. At the site of their martyrdom stands a 12th-century church.</p><br>
<p>The Galli-Curci Theatre is located on Main Street  in Margaretville, New York, United States. It is a brick building erected in the 1920s, now primarily used as a store, although some of the original theater remains. It was named after opera singer Amelita Galli-Curci, who lived near Margaretville and sang at its opening night.</p><br>
<p>It was built by local entrepreneur Clarke Sanford to house two pioneering businesses in the region, a car dealership and silent movie theater and offices of the Catskill Mountain News. Under later owners, it continued to show movies until 1985. It was modified afterwards for reuse as an antique store, but has remained mostly intact from its period of cinematic use. In 2006 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The Galli-Curci Theatre sits on the west side of Main Street just north of its intersection with Bridge Street, which carries Route 30 into Margaretville across the East Branch of the Delaware River from the end of its overlap with NY 28 a short distance away. The neighborhood is heavily developed, with the intersection, the village&#39;s center, flanked by many three-story mixed-use buildings of a late-19th/early-20th century vintage. To the north the neighborhood becomes residential.</p><br>
<p>The building is in two sections, 50 ft wide by 142 ft deep. The shorter front section, with the retail space and theater entrance, is a two-story brick structure on a poured concrete foundation. Three of its four bays are taken up by a storefront with glass windows in the center and a double-doored entrance with half-moon glass panels at the south end; the northernmost is the theater entrance, sheltered by a trapezoidal tin-sheathed wooden marquee with the letters "Galli-Curci" on the front. On the second story are paired windows framed by brick lintels and bluestone sills topped by a rectangular decorative panel of brick and terra cotta. The center parapet on the flat roof has a large wooden "GALLI-CURCI THEATRE" sign.</p><br>
<p>The auditorium section at the rear is built of concrete block faced in stucco. Its roof slopes gently from front to back at the same grade as the floor inside. A brick chimney rises from the south section of the EPDM rubber roof. The tops of two wooden trusses, added later to shore up the building, are visible as well.</p><br>
<p>Inside the front block, the store space has its original flooring and pressed-metal ceiling. The upstairs apartment, once office space, has its own original flooring and moldings. Two double doors with half-moon glass panels, similar to those leading into the store, lead into the theater at the end of the recessed entryway under the marquee.</p><br>
<p>A narrow carpeted entryway slopes up to the auditorium. There, a wooden level floor, built for retail purposes after the theater was shut down, remains. Two of the original wooden standee walls set off the lobby in the rear, and show a color scheme dating from the 1940s. The ceiling is of plain plaster, with fluorescent fixtures replacing the original lighting.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Successful upon its inception, the theatre suffered from changes in the national and local economies after World War II. It struggled to adapt, but stayed in business as a movie theater under different owners until the mid-1980s. After a period of reuse as an antique store, it may be restored to its original use.</p><br>
<h3>1922–1942: Early success</h3><br>
<p>Clarke A. Sanford, scion of the family that owned the local bank, had taught school and worked as a reporter for the Oneonta Star before returning to the area in 1904 to buy the local paper, recently renamed the Catskill Mountain News. In 1907, he was the first person in Margaretville to buy an automobile. Local lore has it that after having the Pope-Toledo shipped to Kingston and driving it overland to the village, he crashed it into one of the outbuildings on his family farm in nearby Dunraven. Seven years later, in 1914, he and a partner opened the first dealership in town, selling Buicks, Fords and Packards from the new building on Bridge Street Sanford had previously had built for the newspaper operations.</p><br>
<p>On the upper floor Sanford brought another 20th-century invention, the movies, to Margaretville. He began charging admission to silent films that year. His wife made the popcorn. It was successful enough, due to a boom in the local economy and a strong business in summertime from resort visitors, that it needed more space.</p><br>
<p>In 1922 he had the theater built, complete with a player piano. He put the dealership on the ground floor, the newspaper&#39;s editorial offices upstairs and its printing press downstairs. The remaining office space was rented to the Delaware and Eastern Railroad. He offered to name the theater after Amelita Galli-Curci, whose Sul Monte estate was in nearby Highmount, if she sang at opening night in 1922, which she did, closing with "Home! Sweet Home!".</p><br>
<p>Sanford served in a number of local political offices, and was later named one of New York&#39;s first Commissioners of Motor Vehicles. In 1930 he added sound capability to the theatre, which continued to do enough business to sustain the car dealership through the Depression. The offerings included live entertainment as well, from touring companies doing condensed versions of Broadway plays, local theater groups, minstrel shows and school and community functions. His son joined him in the business, and by the end of the decade the family was operating another theater, the Maxbilt in nearby Fleischmanns.</p><br>
<h3>1942–1964: Setbacks</h3><br>
<p>In 1942, the railroad went out of business and the newspaper took over its offices. Four years later, in 1946, the Sanfords leased the theater to the Kallet chain on the condition that they keep the revenue from the concession stand, and Kallet invest in improvements. Two years later, the chain began a substantial remodeling of the interior, filling in the orchestra pit to add more seats. The wood trusses that break the roof plane were added at this time.</p><br>
<p>The theater was unable to benefit in the long run, because with the end of World War II New York City had resumed plans to expand its water supply system and complete Pepacton Reservoir to the south. In the short run the large construction workforce buoyed the local economy, but when the reservoir was finished the effects of losing five nearby towns, including the Sanford farmstead in Dunraven, made itself felt. Television also began to cut into film revenues; in 1955 Kallet had the theater modified again to support the widescreen productions studios were turning to compete with the small screen.</p><br>
<p>Three years later, in 1958, the Sanfords cancelled the lease and resumed direct control of the theater. The decline in revenue continued, and in 1963 Clarke Sanford made a successful claim of lost business to the temporary commission set up to compensate those displaced or otherwise affected by the reservoir&#39;s construction. He died the following year.</p><br>
<h3>1964–present: End of theatrical use</h3><br>
<p>His son Roswell had taken over the newspaper and theater. He soon moved the former to another nearby office (later to Arkville, the next town east along Route 28), converted the second floor into an apartment and sold the theater to a Donald Conine, who in turn sold it in 1975 to Ben Resnick. He continued exhibiting films until 1985, when the advent of home video magnified the effect television had had on the theater&#39;s business three decades before.</p><br>
<p>The auditorium was again adapted for live music performances, and another new owner, the Goths, changed directions entirely when they bought the building in 1987. They put in the wooden floor and began selling antiques, taking out the projection and sound equipment in the process. Later it became vacant again. In 2005 it was acquired by two new owners.</p><br>
<p>Oklahoma County Courthouse in Oklahoma County, Oklahoma was designed by prominent Oklahoma architect Solomon Layton and partners George Forsyth and Jewel Hicks of the firm Layton & Forsyth, and was built in 1937. It replaced the original courthouse that was built with $100,000 in bonds issued and located at the intersection of California and Robinson at 520 West Main Street in the 1900s.</p><br>
<p>The building is located at 321 Park Avenue It cost $1.5 million paid for with a bond issue and money from the Public Works Administration (PWA), "a federal program to create jobs in The Great Depression.</p><br>
<p>The 11-floor concrete courthouse building is considered art deco / art moderne and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992. Quotes are inscribed in the "sandy-brown Indiana limestone" and a carved mural depicts "a scene of Oklahoma friendship" between a Native American figure and a Mountain Man.</p><br>
<p>The building is said to be "loosely abstracted from stepped-back Mayan temples" and includes a two-story lobby with terrazzo floor with a compass design as well as abstracted wagon wheel chandeliers and third story overlooks. In 1967 a modern architecture building was constructed next to the courthouse and connected by a walkway.</p><br>
<p>The courthouse was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 5, 1992.</p><br>
<p>The Biddle House is a historic house and fur trade shop space, built before 1800 on Market Street on Mackinac Island in the USA state of Michigan. It is part of Mackinac Island State Park. It is a Michigan Registered Site and a contributing resource to Mackinac Island&#39;s status as a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>History and today</h2><br>
<p>The origins of the Biddle House are unknown, but its New France architectural lines and heritage indicate that it was built about 1780, at the time of the first settlement of Mackinac Island by Euro-Americans. The American fur trade grew significantly on Mackinac Island after the War of 1812, and about 1822, fur trader Edward Biddle, a member of the Philadelphia-based Biddle family, occupied the house and refitted it to serve as a home for his family and a shop space to exchange trade goods for furs of the Upper Great Lakes ecosystem, including pelts from the beaver, mink, otter, and raccoon.</p><br>
<p>Edward Biddle&#39;s success in the fur trade was associated with two significant factors: his marriage to Agatha Biddle, a leading member of the Ojibwa nation of Native Americans who possessed an extensive regional kinship network, and his close ties with the then-dominant American Fur Company (AFC); most furs bought or sold by Edward and Agatha Biddle would also have passed through the hands of the AFC at some point. The Biddles bought the house outright in 1832.</p><br>
<p>The Biddle House, extensively restored in 1959, is part of the Mackinac Island State Park, and admission is by Fort Mackinac ticket. The State Park interprets the Biddle House to its appearance in the 1820s, when it was the prosperous Biddles family home. Interpretation centers on the houses reconstructed period kitchen, where the process of early-19th century meal preparation is demonstrated in a working open-hearth fireplace.</p><br>
<h2>Listings</h2><br>
<p>The Biddle House was listed as a Michigan Registered Site in 1960 as #HB02. A historic marker, posted adjacent to the Biddle House&#39;s front door, reads as follows:</p><br>
<p>This house is probably the oldest on the island. Parts of it may date from 1780. A deed to the property upon which a $100 down payment was made in 1822 by Edward Biddle was obtained by him in 1827 from the then owner. Biddle was a cousin of the Biddles of Philadelphia and a leading trader and citizen. For years he lived here with his Indian wife. The house is an example of the Quebec rural style. It is listed in the Historic American Buildings Survey and was restored by the Michigan Society of Architects and the building industry in 1959.</p><br>
<p>Fort Kamehameha was a United States Army military base that was the site of several coastal artillery batteries to defend Pearl Harbor starting in 1907 in Honolulu, Hawaii.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The eastern areas of the fort were in the district called Moanalua. It was royal land won by conquest by Kamehameha I in the 1790s and eventually passed to Bernice Pauahi Bishop (named "Bishop&#39;s Point") and then inherited by Samuel Mills Damon in 1884. The western side known as Halawa, was the former beach-front estate of Queen Emma of Hawaii. The sandy dunes had been used as a burial site.</p><br>
<p>After annexation of the Territory of Hawaii it was used for the USA Army in 1901, and acquired by the USA federal government in 1907 by condemnation from Emma&#39;s estate. It was sometimes called "Queen Emma Military Reservation" or "Queen Emma Point".</p><br>
<p>Secretary of War William Howard Taft under President Theodore Roosevelt headed a group to review coastal defenses, in light of "possessions" such as Hawaii and the Philippines, based on the findings of the Board of Fortifications.</p><br>
<p>Originally named Fort Upton for General Emory Upton (1839–1881), on January 28, 1909 after local citizens objected, Archibald Cleghorn suggested the name be changed to honor Kamehameha I, the first king of the unified Hawaiian islands.</p><br>
<h2>First phase</h2><br>
<p>From east to west the sites built in the first phase were:</p><br>
<h3>Battery Selfridge</h3><br>
<p>Battery Selfridge was constructed from November 1907 to 1913 with two 12-inch M1895 guns on disappearing carriages, with a range of about 30,000 yd. It was fort building 420, NRHP site 84000975, located at 21&deg;19&prime;5&Prime;N latitude, 157&deg;57&prime;9&Prime;W longitude. It was named for Lt Thomas Etholen Selfridge (1882–1908).</p><br>
<h3>Battery Jackson</h3><br>
<p>Battery Jackson was constructed in 1913 was equipped with two 6-inch (152 mm) guns on disappearing carriages, with a range of about 15,000 yd. It was fort building 430, about 1.1 acre, state site 80-13-1601 and NRHP site 84000954, 21&deg;19&prime;6&Prime;N latitude, 157&deg;57&prime;22&Prime;W longitude. It was named for American Civil War General Richard H. Jackson. A massive concrete air raid shelter was built in 1915.</p><br>
<h3>Battery Hawkins</h3><br>
<p>Battery Hawkins was constructed in 1914 with two 3-inch (76 mm) guns with a range of about 6,000 yd. It was fort building 440, NRHP site 84000928 located at 21&deg;19&prime;12&Prime;N latitude, 157&deg;57&prime;36&Prime;W longitude, 440 Nelson Avenue.</p><br>
<p>Another bunker built here was known as Hawkins annex, fort building 450, NRHP site 84000948, state site 80-13-1603. Although the smallest of the batteries, it is the easiest to access. It was named for General Hamilton Smith Hawkins (1834–1910).</p><br>
<h3>Battery Hasbrouck</h3><br>
<p>Battery Hasbrouck (sometimes misspelled as "Hasebrock") was constructed from July 1909 to 1914 and was equipped with eight 12-inch coast defense mortars, with a range of about 15,000 yd. It was fort building 460 and NRHP site 84000925. It was directly east of the entrance to Pearl Harbor, designed to protect its mine field, at coordinates 21&deg;19&prime;30&Prime;N latitude, 157&deg;57&prime;40&Prime;W longitude, covering 2.6 acre.</p><br>
<p>It was named for General Henry Cornelius Hasbrouck (1839–1910) son of William C. Hasbrouck.</p><br>
<h3>Battery Chandler and Barri</h3><br>
<p>At the west end of Fort Kamehameha, coordinates 21&deg;19&prime;53&Prime;N latitude, 157&deg;58&prime;6&Prime;W longitude Battery Chandler had two 3 in guns named for Lt. Rex Chandler who died in an airplane crash in 1913. Battery Barri had two 4.7-inch (120 mm) guns, was named for Captain Thomas O. Barri who died in the Civil War in 1863. Construction on these was started in September 1914. Barri was dismantled in 1925 and both no longer exist.</p><br>
<h3>Batteries Adair and Boyd</h3><br>
<p>Each of these had two 6-inch (152 mm) Armstrong guns in casemates located on Ford Island. They were constructed starting in August 1916 and named for Lt Henry R. Adair (died 1916) and Captain Charles T. Boyd (died 1916). A few years later an airfield called Luke Field was built on Ford Island, and the site is now owned by the Navy.</p><br>
<h2>Battery Closson</h2><br>
<p>The batteries were placed behind massive reinforced concrete walls about 20 ft thick, which were in turn behind 30 ft of earth. Within a few years the armaments of the first phase were obsolete. In 1920, two 12-inch (305 mm) M1895 guns on a new style M1917 barbette carriage that could traverse a full 360 degrees were installed and named after Civil War General Henry Whitney Closson (1834–1917). This design had a 975 lb projectile with elevation up to 35 degrees and range of 17 mi. It was located about 21&deg;19&prime;9&Prime;N latitude, 157&deg;56&prime;3&Prime;W longitude. Anti-aircraft guns were also added to protect from attack from above. In 1942, concrete shielding was added above the guns. A row of officers&#39; houses was built in 1916, and a chapel added in 1940.</p><br>
<h2>Use</h2><br>
<p>During World War II, some of the anti-aircraft guns were used in the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. A Japanese Mitsubishi A6M2 model 21 "Zero" was shot down and crashed near the fort.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>None of the large caliber guns were ever fired except in practice about once a year. They were salvaged after the war. Some other sites within the fort besides the ones listed above were destroyed.</p><br>
<p>The area around Selfridge and Jackson batteries are now used for the Hawaii Air National Guard.</p><br>
<p>The eastern side of the military reservation (where Battery Closson was located) became the Mamala Bay Golf Course.</p><br>
<p>The "Artillery District of Honolulu" (state historic site 80-13-1382) was added to the National Register of Historic Places listings in Oahu on June 5, 1984.</p><br>
<p>Fort DeRussy Military Reservation Battery Randolf (which now houses a museum) was also included in the preservation effort.</p><br>
<p>In the 1970s the Fort Kamehameha Wastewater Treatment Plant was built on the western end of the fort. On October 1, 1992 its 506 acre became part of Hickam Air Force Base. The residents were forced out of the homes by the USA Air Force and the historic homes were abandoned in 2008 since they were near the runway of Honolulu International Airport despite belonging on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Delaware Children&#39;s Theatre  is a community theatre in Wilmington, Delaware, United States. The theatre company occupies the historic New Century Club building.</p><br>
<h2>Theatre company</h2><br>
<p>Originally named the Children&#39;s Repertory Theatre of Wilmington, the organization began in 1973 with their first production of Pinocchio. The organization relies on volunteers for all acting and nearly all support positions as a community theater. To cover operating expenses, DCT sells tickets and receives state support through the Delaware Division of the Arts.</p><br>
<p>Tony Award winner John Gallagher, Jr. initially played Tom Sawyer as a child actor at the theatre before going on to Broadway.</p><br>
<h2>New Century Club</h2><br>
<p>The Theatre occupies the historic New Century Club building. The organization constructed the building in 1893 and occupied it until 1975. The Delaware Dinner Theatre and Delaware Ballet Company then used the building until 1982 when DCT moved in.</p><br>
<p>Minerva Parker Nichols of Philadelphia, an early female architect, designed the Colonial Revival building with Palladian windows and a gambrel roof. While serving partly as a clubhouse, it also held a theatre which was used for traveling shows as well as civic speakers, including future president Woodrow Wilson and birth control advocate Margaret Sanger.</p><br>
<p>The structure is listed as on the National Register of Historic Places and recognized as being an active place for the womens rights movement. The New Century Club was a progressive upper class womens group dedicated to social improvement and charity as well as womens suffrage. Notable members of the Club included Emily P. Bissell, a Red Cross campaigner against tuberculosis who has a state hospital named after her, and Emalea Pusey Warner, who successfully campaigned for public vocational education and has a local elementary school named in her honor. Other New Century womens clubs formed nearby in Milford and Newark, Delaware, as well as in Kennett Square, West Chester, and Chester, Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>Ganoga Lake is a natural lake in Colley Township in southeastern Sullivan County in Pennsylvania, United States. Known as Robinsons Lake and Long Pond for most of the 19th century, the lake was purchased by the Ricketts family in the early 1850s and became part of R. Bruce Ricketts extensive holdings in the area after the American Civil War. The lake is one of the highest in Pennsylvania, which led Ricketts to name it Highland Lake by 1874 and rename it Ganoga Lake in 1881; Pennsylvania senator Charles R. Buckalew suggested the name Ganoga from the Seneca language word for "water on the mountain".</p><br>
<p>The Ricketts built a stone house on the lake shore by 1852 or 1855; this served as a hunting lodge and tavern. In 1873 a large wooden addition was built north of the stone house, which became a hotel known as the North Mountain House. The hotel had one of the first summer schools in the United States in 1876 and 1877. A branch railroad line to the lake served the hotel and also hauled ice cut from the lake for refrigeration. The hotel closed in 1903, though the house remained the Ricketts family summer home. After the death of R. Bruce Ricketts in 1918, his heirs sold much of his 80,000 acre to the state for Pennsylvania State Game Lands and Ricketts Glen State Park. The state tried to purchase the lake in 1957, but was outbid by a group of investors who turned the land around it into a private housing development; as such it is "off limits" to the public.</p><br>
<p>Ganoga Lake is on the Allegheny Plateau, just north of the Allegheny Front, in sedimentary rocks from the Pocono Formation. The Wisconsin Glaciation some 20,000 years ago changed the drainage patterns of the lake; this diverted its waters to Kitchen Creek and carved the 24 named waterfalls in Ricketts Glen State Park in the process. Ganoga Lake has a continental climate, with average monthly high temperatures ranging from 33 &deg;F in January to 82 &deg;F in July. Ganoga Lake&#39;s drainage basin is heavily forested and it is in an Important Bird Area. The lake and its surroundings have a variety of flora and fauna, although the ecosystem has been damaged by acid rain.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Ganoga Lake is a natural spring-fed lake just west of Pennsylvania Route 487 in southern Colley Township in southeastern Sullivan County, Pennsylvania. It is near the meeting point of Sullivan, Columbia and Luzerne counties, and is less than 0.4 mi northwest of Ricketts Glen State Park. Ganoga Lake is on the Allegheny Plateau at an elevation of 2,260 ft. William Reynolds Ricketts, who owned the lake in the first half of the 20th century, claimed it was the highest lake in the United States east of the Rocky Mountains; Petrillo repeats this in his history of the region, Ghost Towns of North Mountain.</p><br>
<p>Ganoga Lake has a long, narrow oval shape, oriented north-northwest to south-southeast. In 1936 William Reynolds Ricketts wrote that the lake has an average width of 700 to 800 ft and is "about one mile long, lacking 600 to 700 ft." or about 0.88 mi in length.</p><br>
<p>A branch of Kitchen Creek flows from the southern end of the lake; 0.4 mi downstream it enters Lake Jean in Ricketts Glen State Park. From there the water flows through Ganoga Glen and its 10 named waterfalls, then joins the main stem of the creek at Waters Meet; below this it flows over five more named waterfalls. Kitchen Creek is a tributary of Huntington Creek, which flows into Fishing Creek, which is a tributary of the Susquehanna River.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>First inhabitants</h3><br>
<p>Ganoga Lake is in the Susquehanna River drainage basin, the earliest recorded inhabitants of which were the Iroquoian-speaking Susquehannocks. Their numbers were greatly reduced by disease and warfare with the Five Nations of the Iroquois, and by 1675 they had died out, moved away, or been assimilated into other tribes. After this, the lands of the Susquehanna valley were under the nominal control of the Iroquois, who encouraged displaced tribes from the east to settle there, including the Shawnee and Lenape (or Delaware).</p><br>
<p>On November 5, 1768, the British acquired land, known in Pennsylvania as the New Purchase, from the Iroquois in the Treaty of Fort Stanwix; this included what is now Ganoga Lake. After the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), Native Americans almost entirely left Pennsylvania. The lake was originally in Northumberland County, then became part of Lycoming County when it was formed in 1795. Sullivan County was formed from Lycoming County in 1847, and two years later Colley Township was formed from Cherry Township. The lake drains into Kitchen Creek, where a Native American pot, decorated in the style of "the peoples of the Susquehanna region", was found under a rock ledge around 1890.</p><br>
<p>A hunter named Robinson, whose cabin was at the lakes northern end about 1800, was the first recorded inhabitant. He gave the lake its earliest known name: Robinsons Lake. However, for most of the 19th century the lake was known as Long Pond, because of its elongated shape. From 1822 to 1827 the Susquehanna and Tioga Turnpike, which followed the lake&#39;s western shore, was built between the Pennsylvania communities of Berwick in the south and Towanda in the north. Beginning in 1827 the northbound daily stagecoach left Berwick in the morning and stopped for lunch at the Long Pond Tavern on the lake about noon. The stage operated until 1851; the road was the Susquehanna and Tioga Turnpike until 1908, when the modern Pennsylvania Route 487 was built. Route 487 follows the course of the turnpike as it approaches the lake from the south, then passes to the east of the lake instead.</p><br>
<p>While on a hunting trip north of the lake in 1850, brothers Elijah and Clemuel Ricketts were frustrated at having to spend the night on a hotel&#39;s parlor floor. In 1851 or 1853 they bought 5,000 acre, including the lake, as their own hunting preserve, and built a stone house on the lake shore by 1852 or 1855. The stone house served as their lodge and as a tavern; it was known as "Ricketts Folly" for its isolated location in the wilderness. Clemuel died in 1858 and Elijah bought his share of the land and house.</p><br>
<h3>R. B. Ricketts</h3><br>
<p>Elijahs son Robert Bruce Ricketts, for whom Ricketts Glen State Park is named, joined the Union Army as a private at the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861, and rose through the ranks to become a colonel. After the war, R. B. Ricketts returned to Pennsylvania and purchased the stone house, lake, and some of the land around it from his father on September 25, 1869 for $3,969.81 (approximately $ in ); eventually he controlled or owned more than 80,000 acres (32,000 ha), including the lake and the parks glens and waterfalls.</p><br>
<p>From 1872 to 1875 Ricketts and his partners operated a sawmill near the lake, 0.5 mi southeast of his house. In 1872 Ricketts used lumber from the mill to build a three-story wooden addition next to the stone house; this opened as the North Mountain House hotel in 1873, and was run by Ricketts&#39; brother Frank from then until 1898. The hotel hosted many of the Ricketts friends and relations as well as guests from Wilkes-Barre, Philadelphia, New York City, and other places. Many of the guests arrived after school let out in June and stayed all summer until school resumed in September. In 1876 and 1877, Ricketts ran the first summer school in the United States at his house and hotel; one of the teachers was Joseph Rothrock, later known as the "Father of Forestry" in Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>Ricketts and the others living in the area were not aware of the waterfalls in what is now the state park until about 1865, when they were discovered by two of the Ricketts guests who went fishing and wandered down Kitchen Creek. In 1879 Ricketts started the North Mountain Fishing Club, for anglers on the lake and creek. Guests of the hotel paid one dollar to fish as a club member. By 1874 Ricketts had renamed Long Pond as Highland Lake, and by 1875 had named the highest waterfall on Kitchen Creek as Ganoga Falls. In 1881, Ricketts renamed Highland Lake as Ganoga Lake. Pennsylvania senator Charles R. Buckalew suggested the name Ganoga, an Iroquoian word which he said meant "water on the mountain" in the Seneca language. Donehoos A History of the Indian Villages and Place Names in Pennsylvania identifies it as a Cayuga language word meaning "place of floating oil" and the name of a Cayuga village in New York. Ganoga Lake is the source of the branch of Kitchen Creek that flows through Ganoga Glen, which has the tallest waterfall.</p><br>
<p>Ricketts was a lumberman who made his fortune clearcutting nearly all his land, but no logging was allowed within 0.5 mi of the lake, and the glens and their waterfalls in the state park were "saved from the lumberman&#39;s axe through the foresight of the Ricketts family". One hemlock tree cut near the lake to clear land for a building in 1893 was 6 ft in diameter and 532 years old.</p><br>
<p>Ricketts and his business partners built the lumber town of Ricketts about 4 mi northeast of the lake starting in 1890; it had up to 800 inhabitants and several saw mills and operated until 1913, when the timber was exhausted. A 3.85 mi branch line of the Lehigh Valley Railroad ran from Ricketts to the north end of the lake, opening in 1893. There was daily passenger service to Wilkes-Barre and Towanda on this line, which also served freight trains hauling ice from the lake for use in refrigeration from 1895 on. The ice cutting business on the lake employed 175 men, and had a 80 by ice house at the north end of the lake, near the small train station made of logs. The Ganoga Lake Ice Company was incorporated in 1897, and operated until about 1915. Ricketts&#39; son William Reynolds Ricketts was one of five partners in the ice company. Ice skating was also a popular pastime on the lake. In 1913 the lake had a boathouse and was used by rowboats.</p><br>
<p>The North Mountain House was threatened by a forest fire in 1900; the subsequent loss of much of the surrounding old-growth forest led to decreased numbers of hotel guests. In 1903 another large fire on North Mountain threatened the sawmill in the village of Ricketts. The wooden addition to the stone house was torn down in either 1897 or 1903, and the land became a garden. The hotel closed in November 1903, and the fishing club and passenger train service ended with the closure.</p><br>
<p>The stone house remained the Ricketts family&#39;s summer home. After the hotel closed, several small cabins were built around the lake for rental to sportsmen. Ricketts proposed moving the highway from his front yard in 1904; the Pennsylvania General Assembly approved this in 1908, after he paid for the construction of the new highway. The house was renovated and added to in 1913, and Ricketts died there during the 1918 flu pandemic. His wife died shortly thereafter, and they are buried in the small Ricketts family cemetery near the north end of the lake.</p><br>
<h3>Modern era</h3><br>
<p>R. B. Ricketts and his wife had three children; their son William Reynolds Ricketts lived in the house after his parents&#39; deaths. Between 1920 and 1924 the Pennsylvania Game Commission bought 48,000 acres (19,000 ha) from the Ricketts heirs, via the Central Pennsylvania Lumber Company. This became most of Pennsylvania State Game Lands Number 13, west of the lake in Sullivan County. These sales left the Ricketts heirs with over 12,000 acres (4,900 ha) surrounding Ganoga Lake and the glens with their waterfalls. The stone house was listed on the Historic American Buildings Survey in 1936, which gave its name as "Ganoga". The area was approved as a national park site in the 1930s,</p><br>
<p>In 1942 the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania bought 1,261 acres (510 ha), including the glens and their waterfalls, from the heirs for $82,000. Ricketts Glen State Park opened in 1944. The state bought a total of 16,000 acres (6,500 ha) more from the heirs in 1945 and 1950 for $68,000; the park today has about 10,000 acres (4,000 ha) from the Ricketts family and about 3,000 acres (1,200 ha) acquired from others. After World War II, William Reynolds Ricketts also sold the old-growth timber around Ganoga Lake to help pay property taxes.</p><br>
<p>William Reynolds Ricketts died in 1956 and the lake and surrounding land were sold in October 1957 for $109,000. The Department of Forests and Waters (predecessor of the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources) bid on the 3,140 acre including the lake, but were outbid by a group of private investors. They initially planned to sell up to 788 building lots around the lake, but when sales were slower than expected, they instead "formed the Lake Ganoga Association in September 1959 to regulate and preserve the recreation and residential facilities at Lake Ganoga". Thus, private development of houses on the lake only began in the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The association built 2.5 mi of roads around the lake; the Air Force paved some of these to provide better access from the Benton Air Force Station in the park to a radio transmitter southwest of the lake. Today the lake is used by kayakers and wind surfers. As a private development, "To all outsiders that have no property around the lake, the lake and grounds are off limits."</p><br>
<h2>Geology and climate</h2><br>
<p>The rocks underlying Ganoga Lake are from the Mississippian Pocono Formation, which is a "light-gray to buff or light-olive-gray, medium-grained, crossbedded sandstone", with some siltstone and conglomerates. The Pocono Formation formed more than 340 million years ago, when the land was part of the coastline of a shallow sea that covered a great portion of what is now North America. The high mountains to the east of the sea gradually eroded, causing a build-up of sediment made up primarily of clay, sand and gravel. Tremendous pressure on the sediment caused the formation of the rocks that are found at the lake and in the drainage basin for Kitchen Creek: sandstone, shale, siltstone, and conglomerates. In 1894 R. Bruce Ricketts planned to mine yellow ocher near the lake.</p><br>
<p>Ganoga Lake is on the Allegheny Plateau, just north of the Allegheny Front, which is the boundary between the dissected plateau to the north and the Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians to the south. Kitchen Creek, which drains the lake, drops approximately 1,000 feet (300 m) in 2.25 miles (3.62 km) as it flows down the steep escarpment of the Allegheny Front. About 300 to 250 million years ago, the Allegheny Plateau, Allegheny Front, and Appalachian Mountains all formed in the Alleghenian orogeny. This happened long after the sedimentary rocks at the lake were deposited, when the part of Gondwana that became Africa collided with what became North America, forming Pangaea. In the years since, up to 5,000 feet (1,500 m) of rock has been eroded away by streams and weather. At least three major glaciations in the past million years have been the final factor in shaping the land around the lake today.</p><br>
<p>Prior to the last ice age, Ganoga Lake drained into Big Run, a tributary of Fishing Creek. This changed when the glaciers retreated to the northeast about 20,000 years ago, and formed glacial lakes. The retreating glaciers also left deposits of debris 20 to 30 feet (6 to 9 m) thick, which formed a dam blocking water from draining into Big Run. Instead, water from Ganoga Lake and the area that later became Lake Jean was diverted into the Ganoga Glen branch of Kitchen Creek. These diversions added about 7 square miles (18 km²) to the Kitchen Creek drainage basin, increasing it by just over 50 percent to 20.1 square miles. The result was increased water flow in Kitchen Creek, which has been cutting the falls in the glens since. Glacial striations are found on the eastern side of the lake. The lake is in a shallow valley, 13 ft deep, which is impounded by glacial till up to 30 ft thick at the southeast end, where Kitchen Creek exits.</p><br>
<p>The Allegheny Plateau has a continental climate, with occasional severe low temperatures in winter and average daily temperature ranges (the difference between the daily high and low) of 20 &deg;F in winter and 26 &deg;F in summer. Ganoga Lake is part of the Huntington Creek watershed, where the mean annual precipitation is 40 to 48 in. Weather records are not available for Ganoga Lake, but they are known for the adjoining Ricketts Glen State Park. The highest recorded temperature at the park was 103 &deg;F in 1988, and the record low was -17 &deg;F in 1984. On average, January is the coldest month, July is the hottest month, and June is the wettest month.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>Ganoga Lake is the largest tributary of Lake Jean, via a 0.4 mi branch of Kitchen Creek. While Lake Jean lies entirely within Ricketts Glen State Park, much of its 1,998 acre drainage basin extends beyond the park, and Ganoga Lakes 960 acre watershed accounts for nearly half of the total area. Lake Jean covers 253 acre; the remaining 1,745 acre of the Lake Jean watershed are 81.0% hardwood forest, 12.6% pastures, 4.7% other lakes (including Ganoga Lakes 78.8 acre), and 1.7% wetlands. The park has more than 80 species of vines, shrubs, and trees; black gum, black spruce, eastern hemlock, eastern white pine, eastern larch, red maple, and yellow birch are found in area forests.</p><br>
<p>In the 19th century Ganoga Lake was home to trout, bullhead catfish, pike, pickerel, and black bass. The lake had very few plants in it, but its shore was lined with mountain laurel and, in the east, mountain ash. After the Ganoga Lake Association&#39;s 1957 purchase, they drained the lake to kill its fish, then stocked it with "30,000 fingerling brook trout". In 2007 Lake Jean, which is connected to Lake Ganoga via Kitchen Creek, was still home to many of the fish found there in the 19th century: brook trout, brown trout, brown bullhead, yellow bullhead, chain pickerel, and largemouth bass.</p><br>
<p>Although there are no pollution point sources in the drainage basin, acid rain is a major concern. Acidification has altered the ecology of the lakes and region; in Lake Jean low pH has decreased the number and quality of insects and plankton at the base of the food chain. Fish which are acid tolerant are predominant, including fathead minnow, muskellunge, pumpkinseed, walleye, and yellow perch. There are relatively few predators like chain pickerel and largemouth bass, and adult fish "appear to have good growth rates but poor reproductive success".</p><br>
<p>Despite the increased acidity, all of the Kitchen Creek drainage basin, which includes Ganoga Lake, is classified by the state of Pennsylvania as a "High Quality-Cold Water Fishery". Under the Clean Water Act a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) has been established for acidic pollution in the Lake Jean watershed. Ganoga Lake&#39;s TMDL for acidity is 4.1 lb per day. Long term exposure to acid rain also damages soil, depleting calcium levels, which may in turn affect insect populations and reproduction in birds. Lake Jean is also "impaired for mercury due to atmospheric deposition", although TMDLs have not yet been established for this.</p><br>
<p>Ganoga Lake and Ricketts Glen State Park are part of the much larger 114,978 acre Pennsylvania Important Bird Area (IBA) #48, which the Audubon Society describes as "the largest extant forest in northeastern Pennsylvania and one of the largest in the Commonwealth".</p><br>
<p>Ganoga Lake is on the Allegheny Plateau just north of the Allegheny Front; this region is known locally as North Mountain. Many bird species are found in the forests on North Mountain, including the states only population of blackpoll warbler; other birds seen there include evening grosbeak, northern goshawk, red crossbill, and Swainsons thrush. Historically North Mountain was home to olive-sided flycatcher, and "was one of the few places one could enjoy the songs of all of Pennsylvanias native thrushes&quot today it is home to the states largest yellow-bellied flycatcher population.</p><br>
<p>Ganoga Lake and its surroundings have a variety of insects and animals. Butterflies in the region are studied by lepidopterists, and the hemlock woolly adelgid threatens many of the hemlock trees. Animals found on North Mountain and in the park include squirrel, black bear, fisher, hoary bat, otter, porcupine, raccoon, and white-tailed deer. In 1912, white-tailed deer around the lake became locally extinct due to loss of habitat from lumbering and overhunting. Pennsylvania imported nearly 1,200 white-tailed deer from Michigan between 1906 and 1925 to re-establish the species, and made it the official state animal in 1959. By 2001, deer populations had increased to the point where it was feared that "Pennsylvania is losing its vegetative diversity from deer over-browsing".</p><br>
<p>Read Hall and Park is a manor house with ornamental grounds of about 450 acre in Whalley Road, Read, a few miles west of Padiham, Lancashire, England.</p><br>
<p>The current hall dates from the early 19th century and is a grade II* listed building. The landscaped grounds date from around the same time and feature a waterfall, two lakes and woodland. There is also a rockery, rose garden and terrace, plus a fountain and gardens near the house of about 25 acre. The hall and park are not open to the public.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original building on the site was a three-storey building built round three sides of a courtyard by Roger Nowell, who acquired the estate in the 16th century after the Dissolution of Whalley Abbey. Alexander Nowell was an English theologian who was born in Read Hall in the Elizabethan age who was also in popular story the inventor of bottled beer on a fishing expedidition. Izaak Walton describes the story in the "Complete Angler". The estate passed to his grandson, Roger (1605 - 1695), who raised an army during the Civil War at his own expense to help defend Lathom House for the Royalists. During the Civil War a skirmish in 1643 known as the Battle of Read Bridge in the vicinity of the hall ended in a decisive victory for the Parliamentarian forces. After several more generations of Nowells the house was eventually sold on the death of Alexander Nowell in 1772. His widow returned to London with their daughter.</p><br>
<p>The current hall was built between 1818 and 1825 for Richard Fort, a wealthy partner in a Manchester Calico textile printing firm; when Richard died in 1829, the estate passed to his son John Fort, later the MP for Clitheroe. It was designed by the architect George Webster of Kendal when he was only 21. (Webster also built Underley Hall, Westmorland between 1825-1828 for Alexander Nowell). John Fort died in 1842 and was succeeded by his son Richard who was High Sheriff of Lancashire for 1854 and M.P. for Clitheroe from 1865 to 1868.</p><br>
<p>The rest of the park includes Home Farm and Lodge in Whalley Road, both by Webster at the same time. Home Farm was built as a model farm, and converted into living accommodation in the 20th century.</p><br>
<h2>Media gallery</h2><br>
<p>Ceboruco is a dacitic stratovolcano located in Nayarit, Mexico, northwest of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. The largest eruption, the Jala Plinian eruption, was around 930 AD ±200, VEI 6, releasing 11 km3 of tephra. The most recent and best documented eruption from Ceboruco lasted from 1870–1875, with fumarole activity lasting well into the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The mountain features one large caldera, created during the Jala eruption, with a smaller crater nested inside that formed when the Dos Equis lava dome collapsed during the Coapales eruption around 1100 AD. Within both of these craters, are several explosive volcanic features, including scoria deposits, lava domes, and pyroclastic domes, or cinder cone volcanoes.</p><br>
<p>Cooled lava flows preserved around the volcano keep a record of the recent eruptions. Before the Jala eruption, there is record of one major lava flow, called the Destiladero flow. During the 500 years after the Jala eruption, the volcano was at its most active, leaving record of six major lava flows: the Copales, El Cajón, Coapan I, Coapan II, El Norte, and Ceboruco flows, all before the Spanish arrived in 1521. The volcano remained active until the next major eruption in 1870, however volcanism was, for the most part, constrained within the calderas.</p><br>
<p>Lava extruded from the volcano is primarily trachydacite to trachyandesite in composition, transitioning from more andesitic to more dacitic compositions over time. The magma is likely a mix from three different sources, a rhyodacite source, a dacite source (likely itself a mixture of rhyodacite and basalt), and a mafic source.</p><br>
<p>St. Henry&#39;s Catholic Church is a historic Roman Catholic church in St. Henry, Ohio, United States. Built in the late nineteenth century, it remains the home of a functioning congregation, and it has been recognized as a historically significant building because of its architecture.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>St. Henry Parish was established in 1839, two years after the village of St. Henry was founded. Served by the Missionaries of the Precious Blood, it was named for Henry II, who reigned as Holy Roman Emperor during the eleventh century. At that time, there were few Catholics in St. Henry and the surrounding Granville Township; consequently, the congregation&#39;s first church building (erected in 1840) was a small frame structure. It was replaced by a brick church that was completed in 1854 at a cost of $7,000.</p><br>
<h2>Current structure</h2><br>
<p>By the 1890s, the membership of St. Henry&#39;s Church had grown to the point that a new church building was necessary. Construction began on the new structure in 1895; while much of the construction work was performed by parishioners, the design was the responsibility of architect J. Anton Decurtins. Construction was finished in 1897, at a cost of approximately $100,000. An estimate in the early twentieth century pronounced the church the most costly in northwestern Ohio.</p><br>
<p>The church is a Gothic Revival structure, built in the shape of a Latin cross. Its exterior consists of brick walls and a gabled roof, upheld by a stone foundation. The most prominent aspect of its exterior is a massive belfry and clock tower, approximately 200 feet (60 m) tall. Large rose windows illuminate the interior, which features painted and frescoed walls; the distance from the floor to the apex of the ceiling vault is 62 feet (19 m). A major renovation project in the 1970s led to significant changes in the sanctuary, including the removal of statues and its High Gothic altar.</p><br>
<p>Architectural historians have divided the Precious Blood-related churches of western Ohio into four generations. St. Henry&#39;s is typical of the churches of the third generation, which are generally Gothic structures with a single central tower.</p><br>
<h3>Stained glass windows</h3><br>
<p>The church interior is adorned with Munich-style stained glass windows.</p><br>
<p>Sacred Heart of Jesus</p><br>
<p>Immaculate Heart of Mary</p><br>
<p>Christ as the Good Samaritan</p><br>
<p>Saint Francis beholding a vision of Jesus and the Virgin Mary</p><br>
<p>St. Gaspar del Bufalo preaching</p><br>
<p>A vision of Saint Agnes</p><br>
<p>Saint Aloysius receiving a vision of the Virgin Mary</p><br>
<p>The martyrdom of Saint Cyriacus</p><br>
<p>Saint Henry interceding with Jesus and the Virgin Mary in Heaven on behalf of parishioners</p><br>
<p>The Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary</p><br>
<h2>Associated buildings</h2><br>
<p>A brick rectory lies next to the churchs eastern side. Built in 1901, it combines a range of architectural styles into an elaborate house. Located behind the rectory are a catechetical center and a public elementary school. An older parochial school was once located on the churchs western side; built in the Italianate style in 1905, it served as a public junior high school after the church discontinued its use.</p><br>
<h2>Recent history</h2><br>
<p>An architectural survey performed in 1977 rated the exterior of St. Henry&#39;s Church in good condition. Two years later, the church was recognized for its architecture and its high quality of preservation when it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. Thirty-three other buildings related to the Society of the Precious Blood, including twenty-six churches, were added to the Register at the same time.</p><br>
<p>Today, St. Henry&#39;s remains an active parish of the Archdiocese of Cincinnati. It is part of the St. Henry Cluster, along with St. Aloysius Parish in Carthagena, St. Bernard Parish in Burkettsville, St. Francis Parish in Cranberry Prairie, and St. Wendelin Parish in St. Wendelin. The entire cluster is a part of the St. Marys Deanery.</p><br>
<p>Seven Ranges Terminus is a stone surveying marker near Magnolia, Ohio that marks the completion of the first step in opening the lands northwest of the Ohio River to sale and settlement by Americans. This survey marked the first application of the rectangular plan for subdividing land.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>With victory in the Revolutionary War, the Treaty of Paris granted the United States lands north of the Ohio River, south of the Great Lakes, and east of the Mississippi River, called the Northwest Territory. The US Congress adopted the Land Ordinance of 1785 as a method for surveying, selling and settling these lands. This ordinance established a method for surveying the land into a grid of six mile square survey townships. These townships were to be arranged into vertical rows called “Ranges”. The first ranges were to be measured from a meridian along the western boundary of Pennsylvania. The townships in each range were measured from an east-west line called a baseline. This became the genesis of the techniques used in the Public Land Survey System.</p><br>
<p>The 1785 ordinance called for the Geographer of the United States, Thomas Hutchins, to personally supervise the first survey. It called for Hutchins to establish a Point of Beginning on the north bank of the Ohio River where it leaves Pennsylvania. From there he was to establish a baseline seven ranges wide, (42 miles), called the “Geographer’s Line”, and then survey north-south lines each six miles to mark the edges of the ranges, and then establish the south boundary of each township. After each seven ranges had been completed, the Geographer was to return plats to the federal government for marketing and sale.</p><br>
<p>Hutchins, along with prominent surveyors from ten states appointed by Congress, began surveying the Geographer’s Line in 1785, but stopped after only a few miles because of troubles with Indians. In 1786, with protection of troops from Fort Steuben, Hutchins resumed the survey. In September 1786, Hutchins placed a stone cadastral survey marker at the west edge of the seventh range on the Geographer’s Line, a spot later to be known as the Seven Ranges Terminus. After the first surveyed seven ranges had been completed some years later, the survey tract was known as the Seven Ranges, or Old Seven Ranges.</p><br>
<h2>The Survey Marker</h2><br>
<p>The survey marker lies at the corner of four townships, three counties, and three survey tracts:</p><br>
<p>Rose Township, Carroll County, Ohio Township 16, Range 7 of Old Seven Ranges</p><br>
<p>Sandy Township, Stark County, Ohio Township 17, Range 7 of Congress Lands North of Old Seven Ranges</p><br>
<p>Pike Township, Stark County, Ohio Township 8, Range 8 of Congress Lands North of Old Seven Ranges</p><br>
<p>Sandy Township, Tuscarawas County, Ohio Township 10, Range 1 of United States Military District</p><br>
<p>The marker is property of the federal government, but surrounded by private property. It sits about 288 feet to the west of a public road.</p><br>
<p>The granite cadastral survey marker is six inches square in cross section with an inscribed X on top, and about a foot protrudes from the ground. Much more is buried. The Canton Repository said August 7, 2003 that the stone leans somewhat because someone tried to dig it up some years ago, before realizing how deep it is buried. Another plausible reason for lean would be two centuries of frost heave.</p><br>
<p>The Seven Ranges Terminus was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976 for its association with the historic significance of Thomas Hutchins.</p><br>
<p>The Sierra de la Ventana  is a mountain range in Buenos Aires Province, and one of the only two located within the Pampas ecosystem.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>Bounded approximately by the Laguna del Monte, Guaminí at its northwestern end and the Atlantic Ocean to its southwest, the Sierra de la Ventana lies on a precambrian base formed around 2.2 billion years ago, and is interspersed with granite, granodiorite, and amphibole deposits.</p><br>
<p>Characterized by its escarpments, this orography prevented the deposit of significant amounts of loess, and make the area the least propicious to agriculture within the pampas; sunflower fields are common along the foot of the range. Its soils feature a A-AC-C horizonation, not unlike those found along the Appalachian range. Its climate is rather colder and drier than that prevailing in the surrounding Humid Pampas, though the range receives more rainfall than the Semi-arid Pampas, located to the west. Sizable extensions of lacebark pines grow along the range, possibly introduced from Asia.</p><br>
<p>Peppered by caves and grottoes, the range is relatively modest in height and extension, and exceeds 1000 m (3280 ft) at only six points. These peaks are:</p><br>
<p>Cura Malal Chico (1000 m)</p><br>
<p>Cura Malal Grande (1037 m)</p><br>
<p>Napostá Grande (1108 m)</p><br>
<p>La Ventana (1184 m)</p><br>
<p>Destierro Primero (1172 m)</p><br>
<p>Tres Picos (1239 m)</p><br>
<p>British naturalist Charles Darwin described his ascent of the Sierra de la Ventana range in the sixth chapter of his work The Voyage of the Beagle.</p><br>
<p>The regions breezes and mild climate made it of tourist interest since the early part of the 20th century, and its principal early promoter was Ernesto Tornquist, a prominent rancher, banker and developer. The extension of the Buenos Aires Great Southern Railway past the area led to the construction of the Club Hotel de la Ventana, a luxurious casino and hotel, and the outpost of Villa Ventana, a resort community developed by the Sociedad de Compañías de Tierras y Hoteles de Sierra de la Ventana. The hotel closed after President Hipólito Yrigoyens 1918 edict banning gambling, and development of the area&#39;s tourism resources remained below their potential in subsequent decades.</p><br>
<p>Sierra_Ventana_vista_desde_el_mirador.jpg"La Ventana" (The Window) landmark</p><br>
<p>Cerro Tres Picos.jpgCerro Tres Picos</p><br>
<p>Vista desde el Cerro Ceferino (Cerro del Amor) - Sierra de la Ventana.jpgView from the Cerro Ceferino (Cerro del Amor) - Sierra de la Ventana</p><br>
<p>Loutro  is a small town in the municipality of Oichalia, Messenia, Peloponnese, Southern Greece. There is a small church in the west side of the town and a large square where children play soccer and hide-and-seek. Five other small towns surround Loutro: Filia, Meligalas, Malta, Meropi, and Oichalia. Loutro has two cafeterias.</p><br>
<p>History</p><br>
<p>The earliest reference to the name "Bath" made in 1835 as a municipal district of the municipality Ichalia. The village, however, seems to have been part of the ancient city, since the references are to Oichalia by Pausanias, Strabo and others, the area from the edge to the edge Ichalia kiss allegedly Oichalia. Name Oichalia due to his wife Melanie King, son of Apollo. In the area there was a large temple dedicated to the goddess Demeter and Persephone. In the temple ritual events were similar to the Eleusinian mysteries.</p><br>
<p>Loutro became the first meaningful battle for the liberation of Greece in 1821. On March 20, 1821 at "Mouritses" became a decisive battle for the outcome of the match, after that point was the passage of Kalamata. From Bathroom was even one of the three captains named Petropoulos (Barampos), the family still exists today, was the principal chieftain Papatsonis where after three-hour battle captured all the Turkish name of the village is not listed in excellence that it shall be given the battle of Verga and Almyros from 22 to 24 June 1826. The names are: Yanis Iliakopoulou, Thodorakis Iliakopoulou, Dimitrakis Konstantopoulos, Adam Miller. Also took part in the battle and Liaros, Mafrandras and chieftain Barampos (Petropoulos).</p><br>
<p>Due to the strategic location of the area east of the village and over the position Tsakona has occurred biggest battle reign Franks. In 1265 the battle of Makryplagiou crash that resulted in the Greeks after the betrayal of the Seljuk Turks who were sent from Byzantium. The Greeks and the Slavs of moth Gortynias were lined up on the slopes of the hands (of paradise and Derveni until Ellinitsa), while the Franks with the Seljuks came up from the passage of Tsakonas and the villages of pit or lakkochoria (MEROPI- muse-Tsaousides-TOSKESI (Oichalia)-BATH-kiss). At the time of the Morea, the battle came as a Change and as Tourkoleka (there was an important castle was Gardiki the castle of Oria). The strategic location of Makryplagiou also evident from the report of Spyridon Trikoupis where in his book "THE HISTORY OF THE GREEK REVOLUTION" tells us that Kolokotronis to halt the march of Ibrahim Pasha of Tripoli posted in late May 1825, gunmen in 3000 Makryplagi and other mosque in 1000 (Charandros) located north of the village</p><br>
<p>The Heligoland Bird Observatory , one of the world&#39;s first ornithological observatories, is operated by the Ornithologische Arbeitsgemeinschaft Helgoland e.V., a non-profit organization which was founded in 1991 to support research on the fauna of Heligoland, a small German archipelago, comprising the islands of Heligoland and Düne, in the Heligoland Bight of the North Sea. The principal research focus is on bird migration through banding studies. Over 400 species have been recorded. OAG Helgoland produces an annual bird report.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Heligoland is on a major migration route for birds crossing the North Sea; for centuries, both those on migration and those breeding there, were an important source of food for the islanders. In the early 19th century Heligoland also became a source of bird specimens for collectors and museums. Ornithologist and artist Heinrich Gätke first visited the island in 1837 and moved there permanently in 1841 as secretary to the British Governor. He began collecting specimens of rarities for both artistic and scientific purposes. He spent most of the next 60 years studying the birds and coined the term "Vogelwarte", producing a book ("Die Vogelwarte Helgoland") on his research in 1891, with an English translation published in 1895. The modern observatory was established in 1910 by Hugo Weigold with a systematic trapping and banding program using the "Heligoland traps" he developed.</p><br>
<p>The Goldfield Hotel is an historic four-storey building located at the southeast corner of Crook Avenue  and Columbia Avenue in Goldfield, Esmeralda County, Nevada. Designed in the Classical Revival style of architecture by Reno architects Morrill J. Curtis  and George E. Holesworth  of the firm of Curtis and Morrill, it was built between 1907 and 1908 on the site of two earlier hotels of the same name which had burnt down. Built in a U-shape in order to ensure outside windows for each guest room, the building has its west or main facade extending 180 feet  along Columbia Street with the north wing fronting 100 feet  on Crook Avenue and the south wing fronting 100 feet  along an alleyway. The ground floor exterior facades were built of grey granite stones from Rocklin, California while the interior first floor facade and all upper storey facades were built of redbrick. The top floor exterior facades were crowned with a white cornice. On March 4, 1981, it was added to the Nevada State Register of Historic Places. It is a contributing property in the Goldfield Historic District, which was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 14, 1982.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Built at a cost of between $300,000 and $400,000, it was reported to be the most spectacular hotel in Nevada at the time of its completion in 1908. Champagne is said to have flowed down the front steps in the opening ceremony. Its 150 rooms were fitted with pile carpets, many with private baths, and the lobby was trimmed in mahogany, with black leather upholstery and gilded columns. It also featured an elevator and crystal chandeliers.</p><br>
<p>The hotel was in use as such until the end of World War II, its last occupants being officers and their families from the Tonopah Army Air Field. Despite several renovation attempts over the years, it has remained unoccupied. At the 2003 Goldfield Days auction, the hotel was sold to Red Roberts, a rancher and engineer from Carson City. Roberts has plans to refurbish the bottom two floors of the four-storey hotel and open them to the public. As of October 2010, the hotel renovations remained uncompleted.</p><br>
<p>Goldfield resident Virginia Ridgway spent three decades as caretaker and "keeper of the keys" to the hotel, granting visitors access to the building and accompanying them as they toured its floors. In January 2016, Ridgway announced that she was giving up that role and turned the keys of the hotel over to Malek DaVarpanah, who owns an antique shop in Goldfield.</p><br>
<h2>In media</h2><br>
<p>The building was used in the film Vanishing Point (1971) as the site of Super Soul&#39;s radio station, KOW. It also featured in the film Cherry 2000 (1987) and the film Ghosts of Goldfield (2007).</p><br>
<p>In 2004 the American television programme Ghost Adventures featured the property, where cast members Zak Bagans and Nick Groff conducted a paranormal investigation.</p><br>
<p>Four years later, in 2008, TAPS of the popular Syfy show Ghost Hunters investigated the hotel.</p><br>
<p>A researcher for the Central Nevada Museum, however, notes that there are "inconsistencies" in the stories, and most apparently stem from a book written by a former owner of the property. The notoriety has not helped the hotel rehab and has led to frequent vandalism and unauthorised entry.</p><br>
<p>In 2011, Ghost Adventures returned to the hotel to conduct a third investigation, during which the crew observed a significant amount of unexplained activity. In that episode, Bagans learned that owner Red Roberts was in talks with people who were interested in buying the hotel. In 2013, the Ghost Adventures crew returned once again for a fourth investigation where, like their previous investigations, a lot of unexplained activity was captured.</p><br>
<p>The Booth Homestead, also called the Booth Home Place, is located at 8433 Wheeling Township Road in Guernsey County, Ohio, United States. Named a historic site in 1979, it was built for one of the area&#39;s largest landowners.</p><br>
<p>While young, James Booth emigrated from England to Coshocton County, where he settled in the vicinity of Newcomerstown. In 1843, aged eighteen, Booth arranged for the construction of the present house; he may have done the work himself, or he may simply have paid for the labor of others. Booth&#39;s design mixed traditional building styles with influences from the popular Greek Revival style of architecture. Shaped like the letter "L", the house possesses a facade divided into five bays, of which the middle contains the main entrance.</p><br>
<p>James Booth was among Guernsey Countys leading landowners; at his peak, he was possessed of more than 700 acre. Upon Booths death, his heirs shared his property between themselves at 120 acre apiece, with his son Milton Booth inheriting the homestead. He managed the property until his premature death in 1907, when it passed to his sister Mary Jane and her husband Jasper Little. Several years later the property came into the possession of Frank Booth, a grandson of James Booth. It remained in his hands until his death in the 1970s, when it passed out of the family.</p><br>
<p>In 1979, the Booth Homestead was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying because of its historically significant architecture. Critical to this designation was its design&#39;s employment of both classical motifs and the vernacular architecture of the area.</p><br>
<p>The Wolf Plains Group is a Late Adena culture group of 30 earthworks including 22 conical mounds and nine circular enclosures. The Plains, originally known as Wolf&#39;s Plains, located a few miles to the northwest of Athens, is a relatively flat terrace in an area of hilly terrain in southeastern Ohio’s Hocking River valley. The terrace was formed by glacial outwash coming down the Hocking River, which became dammed at The Plains and found a new outlet to the northeast, leaving the terrace in place.</p><br>
<p>The Wolf Plains Group was featured in Ephraim George Squier and Edwin Hamilton Davis&#39;s landmark publication Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley (1848). Their finished drawing was based on a sketch from 1836 by S. P. Hildreth, and contains some inaccuracies. Some of the clusters of mounds are rotated relative to their actual position, some are missing, and some are misplaced. In 2008 The Archaeological Conservancy purchased the site of one of the remaining earthworks, the Dorr 2 Mound, using emergency POINT funds; and it plans to purchase more as funds become available. The majority of the remaining earthworks in the complex are privately owned and are threatened with destruction as The Plains community expands. The Wolf Plains Group was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 31, 1974; at that time, 25 earthworks remained in good enough condition to qualify as contributing properties.</p><br>
<p>The Ysleta Mission, located in the Ysleta del Sur Pueblo within the municipality of El Paso, Texas, is recognized as the oldest continuously operated parish in the State of Texas. The Ysleta community is also recognized as the oldest in Texas and claims to have the oldest continuously cultivated plot of land in the United States.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>In 1680, as a result of the Pueblo Revolt, the Tigua (Tiwa) tribe was forced to flee from their ancestral home, Isleta Pueblo, located south of present-day Albuquerque, New Mexico. Some of the pueblo people fled to Hopi territory in Arizona while others followed Spanish colonists as they retreated southward. The Spanish and Comanches eventually settled in El Paso del Norte (present day El Paso, TX) where they established the Ysleta del Sur Pueblo and where the Ysleta Mission was founded. The spelling of Ysleta with a "Y" and the term del Sur (south) was to differentiate the new settlement from the mother pueblo, Isleta. In 1682, the Tigua people built a permanent structure out of adobe and, in October of that year, the building was formally dedicated by Bishop Salpointe of Tucson and named La Misión de Corpus Christi de San Antonio de la Ysleta del Sur in honor of the Tigua&#39;s patron saint, Saint Anthony (San Antonio).</p><br>
<p>Over the next two centuries the mission was relocated several times due to flooding of the Rio Grande. In 1829 one such flood washed away the structure. The flood also resulted in the river cutting a new course further south and the area where the church had been located was no longer considered a part of Mexico but of the Republic of Texas. In 1897 the structure was remodeled and the now familiar gables and bee-hive bell tower were added. A fire in 1907, caused by chemicals stored in the bell tower to repel bats, resulted in massive damage to the building. The church was rebuilt in 1908 and remains much the same today. The church prospered and in 1918 Our Lady of Mount Carmel School was established and it remained open until 2005 when the church closed it. 1962 – Site of first mission in Texas, and 1970 – Oldest mission in Texas. On July 31, 1972, the Ysleta Mission was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>The mission today</h2><br>
<p>Yes In 1990 members of the community began efforts to restore and preserve the Ysleta and Socorro missions as well as the Presidio Chapel of San Elizario, Texas. That same year the City and County governments of El Paso formed the Office of Heritage Tourism and received technical support for the project from the National Trust for Historic Preservation in the form of a grant. The newly created Office of Heritage Tourism established a board with representatives from various local governments, the Catholic Diocese, and private organizations who had been working separately on projects to restore the missions. Two Mexican architects with expertise in restoring adobe buildings were retained with the help of a grant from the National Park Service and they developed a comprehensive restoration plan which was the basis upon which Bishop Armando Ochoa began a much publicized fund raising effort to pay for the restorations. The two missions and chapel comprise The El Paso Mission Trail, which stretches approximately 9 miles along Socorro Rd. (FM 258) and is considered to be a part of El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro (The Royal Road to the Interior).</p><br>
<p>The Tigua people continue to be closely associated with the church and remain loyal to their patron saint, Saint Anthony of Padua. The Tigua feast day of San Antonio is observed on June 13, with a morning mass followed by traditional dancing. Directly adjacent to the church, the Tiguas built a large gaming center called Speaking Rock Casino; however, after a few years the state government of Texas successfully challenged its legality and it was subsequently closed down. It was later reopened but no longer offered casino style gaming. The Tigua Tribal Government offices are located a short distance from the church as is the Tigua Cultural Center.</p><br>
<p>The church is currently owned by the Catholic Diocese of El Paso and operated by Conventual Franciscans who staff the church. For nearly a century, the church has hosted the Ysleta Mission Festival on the second weekend of July. This three-day event is one of El Paso&#39;s largest and proceeds from the event help fund the maintenance and preservation of the Ysleta Mission. In the 1960s a newer church building was constructed to accommodate the growing number of parishioners. The old church is now primarily reserved for special occasions such as weddings, quinceañeras, and baptisms.</p><br>
<h2>Timeline</h2><br>
<p>1680 – Spanish settlers and Tigua (Tiwa) Indians are driven from northern New Mexico and Isleta Pueblo by the Pueblo Revolt. They travel southward to El Paso del Norte where El Paso, Texas and Cd. Juarez, Chihuahua, Mexico exist today. Mexico Governor Antonio de Otermin, representing the crown of Spain, established the Ysleta Mission (Ysleta del Sur Mission) for the refugees.</p><br>
<p>1682 – A permanent structure for the Ysleta Mission was established. In October the building is formally dedicated and named La Misión de Corpus Christi de San Antonio de la Ysleta del Sur in honor of the Tigua&#39;s patron saint, Saint Anthony (San Antonio) by the Bishop of Tucson, Arizona.</p><br>
<p>1691 – Governor Diego de Vargas gives the first official land grant for the church to Father Joaquin de Hinojosa.</p><br>
<p>1693 – The church was renamed Corpus Christi de los Tiguas de Ysleta by Governor Diego de Vargas under the authority of King Charles II of Spain.</p><br>
<p>1740s, 1829 – Flooding of the Rio Grande damaged/destroyed the mission.</p><br>
<p>1874 – The first formal property deed for the church was granted to Bishop Salpointe of Tucson. This deed outlined the boundaries of the churchs property and remain the same today. French Clergy petitioned the Bishop of Tucson to change the churchs name to Our Lady of Mount Carmel.</p><br>
<p>1881-1891,1894-1990 – The church was administered by Jesuits from Mexico Province, Mexico City, Mexico.</p><br>
<p>1907 – Fire caused massive damage to the church structure. It was rebuilt the following year.</p><br>
<p>1919–1921 – Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary (México-Cuba Province, El Paso, Texas and United States Province, Los Angeles, California) established and staffed Our Lady of Mount Carmel School (Tiwa).</p><br>
<p>1922–1980s – Sisters of Charity of the Incarnate Word from the New Orleans, Louisiana, province staffed the school.</p><br>
<p>1980s–2005 – Lay teachers and Sisters of Charity of the Incarnate Word staffed the school.</p><br>
<p>1990–1992 – The church became a parish and was administered by diocesan priests.</p><br>
<p>1992–present – Conventual Franciscans from Our Lady of Consolation Province, Mount St. Francis, Indiana, administer Our Lady of Mount Carmel.</p><br>
<h2>Photo gallery</h2><br>
<h3>May 1936</h3><br>
<h3>July 2009</h3><br>
<p>The Montauk Association Historic District is a 100 acre historic district that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. It is a complex of large Shingle style cottages for wealthy New York City families&#39; summer use, designed by McKim, Meade and White within a site plan designed by Frederick Law Olmsted in 1881. In 1976, the district included nine buildings deemed to be contributing to the historic character of the area, and two other contributing sites. It is bounded on the south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by the hamlet of Ditch Plains, and on the north and east by marsh and scrubland.</p><br>
<p>It includes seven large Shingle style homes that, together with a clubhouse and other supporting buildings, comprised the Montauk Association, and which were built during 1881-1884. The Montauk Association as an entity no longer exists. The district also includes the sites of two former buildings of the Montauk Association, a community laundry and a community stable, which remain as archeological sites. Another former building, the casino and clubhouse of the association, was burned in 1933 and has been replaced by a modern house, the Tweed House. Another modern house, the Wright House, stands separately to the northwest of the complex of cottages. There are also several small sheds and garages which are unobtrusive and do not unduly detract.</p><br>
<p>The seven cottages are:</p><br>
<p>Agnew Cottage (1884)</p><br>
<p>Benson House (1883)</p><br>
<p>Sanger House (1883)</p><br>
<p>Hoyt House (1883)</p><br>
<p>Andrews House (1884)</p><br>
<p>de Forest House (1882)</p><br>
<p>Orr House (1883)</p><br>
<p>All seven were designed by McKim, Mead and White and are placed carefully in the natural landscape, conforming to a site plan designed by landscape designer Frederick Law Olmsted. They were placed into the natural landscape and linked by pathways, leaving the natural landscape mostly undisturbed.</p><br>
<p>Patricia Lake is a lake in Jasper National Park, Alberta, Canada, near the town of Jasper. It was named for Princess Patricia of Connaught, a granddaughter of Queen Victoria.</p><br>
<p>It is connected by Pyramid Lake road and hiking trails to the town of Jasper, as well as other tourist sites such as Pyramid Lake and Pyramid Mountain.</p><br>
<h2>Project Habbakuk</h2><br>
<p>Patricia Lake is notable for its involvement during World War II with Project Habbakuk, a plan to build an unsinkable aircraft carrier from an ice-based composite material termed "Pykrete".</p><br>
<p>Initial studies of natural lake ice had been carried out at Lake Louise. In January 1943, Patricia Lake was chosen as the test site for building a prototype vessel. The planned vessel was to be 2,000 ft long and the prototype was to be a 1:10 scale model of this. In fact, the beam was to approximately this scale, but the length was only 60 feet, about a third of scale.</p><br>
<p>Patricia Lake was chosen for this work on account of having rail connections at Jasper and being a suitably cold, remote area that already had military training involvement in the area as camouflage. There were also Mennonite and Doukhobor communities nearby, religious conscientious objectors, who could provide the labour needed.</p><br>
<p>Pykrete construction material for the full-sized ship was to be a composite of ice and sawdust, maintained by refrigeration. The first experiments had used natural lake ice, in a Canadian winter. The model ship was to use plain ice, but partly natural and partly refrigerated. Construction proceeded through March 1943 by building a wooden cabin on the frozen lake, installing refrigeration equipment and a nest of 6 inch cold air ducts, and then increasing the height of the ice wall around the cabin. As weight increased, the bottom of the "hull" was sawn free from the lake ice and the model floated free. In June the refrigeration was switched off, but the model lasted the whole summer before melting and sinking.</p><br>
<p>A diving expedition to the site in 1985 found the remains of the model on a steep slope just off-shore at a depth between 26 and 43 metres. Although the refrigeration equipment was removed before sinking, the wooden walls of the hull, an "incredible jumble" of cold air ductwork and also a great quantity of the bitumen used as part of the insulation remained at the site.</p><br>
<p>As of June 26, 2011 only the west wall of the structure remained intact; the rest has fallen to pieces and is strewn from 40 feet to 90 feet in depth. An underwater plaque at the site notes its part in World War II history.</p><br>
<p>The Stone Plantation, also known as the Young Plantation and the Barton Warren Stone House, is a historic Greek Revival-style plantation house and one surviving outbuilding along the Old Selma Road on the outskirts of Montgomery, Alabama. It was added to the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage on September 28, 2000 and to the National Register of Historic Places on December 31, 2001.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The two-story brick masonry house, fronted by a monumental Doric hexastyle portico, was built circa 1852 by Barton Warren Stone. He was born on March 24, 1800, the son of Warren Henley Stone of Poynton Manor in Charles County, Maryland and Martha Bedell of North Carolina. His parents established a plantation, "Magnolia Crest", in Lowndes County in the 1830s. It still survives a few miles west of this plantation. Barton Stone&#39;s plantation house, known to his family simply as the "Home Place," was one of three plantation houses that he owned. His other two houses were "Duck Pond" and "Prairie Place." By 1860 he owned 83 slaves and 5,000 acre in Montgomery County, with an additional 2,000 acre in Autauga County. He survived two wives and all but one of his sons, dying on January 14, 1884. The property was acquired by L.C. Young in 1901 and then by Jesse D. Baggett in 1933.</p><br>
<p>Nitelva is a river that rises at Grua and flows to Harestuvatnet in the southern part of Lunner municipality in Oppland. The river then flows southwards and ends at Øyeren. The river has at this point run for around 37 km and has dropped around 30 m. The river is part of the Oslomarkavassdragene.</p><br>
<p>The northern part of Nitelva runs between Hakadal and is called Hakadalselva. The journey to Øyeren begins with rapids, before slowing to a broad meandering river through Nittedal. The last kilometres of the river run through Skedsmo and Rælingen municipalities, first as a scenic part of Lillestrøm city and Øvre Rælingen with roads on both banks, passing through an industrialised area before ending at the delta in the north of Øyeren in Rælingen. Nitelva and its banks make up a varied and fertile belt through forests, agricultural landscapes and buildings.</p><br>
<p>The river was originally named Nitja. The meaning of the name is unknown, but it may come from the word net, in the sense of fishing net. It may also come from the verb hnita, which means "to clash" (meaning waves that clash together). The river is an important part of the local environment, and the watercourse has been used for timber mills, power, and factories. Many places along the Nitelva have remains of these activities, and their influence is still seen in place names.</p><br>
<p>The river is well known for sports fishing. Up until Rotnesfossen can be found many of Norway&#39;s freshwater fish, and 21 species are recorded. Among these are northern pike, zander, perch and carp. To the north of the watercourse can also be found brown trout. Along the river, one can also find a rich and varied animal, bird and plant life, and it has an important ecological function as a habitat and dispersal corridor for several species. Here you can experience both the dense spruce forests, lush deciduous forests, marshes, flower beds, juncus and water plants. The animal and bird species along the river include beaver, grey heron and deer. Because of its biological diversity, Nitelva is a protected waterway, and in the lower part of the river, there are two nature reserves; Sørumsneset and Nordre Øyeren nature reserve.</p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>The Book Site is an archaeological site in Juniata County, Pennsylvania, United States. Consisting of the remnants of a burial mound and a prehistoric village, the site lies on both sides of Camp Resort Road in Beale Township, near the community of Beale.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>Since the first white settlement of Juniata County, the area now named the Book Site has been known as a location of prehistoric interest; local tradition held that it was once occupied by an Indian fort. By the middle of the nineteenth century, skeletons were being removed from the mound as the result of cultivation, and individuals periodically dug in the mound into the 1920s. A professional investigation of the site was conducted in the summer and autumn of 1929; the archaeologists discovered a wide range of pottery, many projectile points, and a large number of bones, including twenty-two skulls. The combination of artifacts and the site&#39;s location slightly above a large stream have led to its identification as a work of the Clemson Island culture (AD 700-1300) during the early Late Woodland period.</p><br>
<p>Fields to the north and east of the mound have also been known to produce small artifacts, such as stone chips and flakes. Unlike the mound, the surrounding fields have never been excavated professionally; however, as all other known mounds of the Clemson Island culture are associated with villages, the presence of the artifacts in the fields indicates that a village site was once located in the fields to the north of the mound.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>Comparison with similar sites in New York indicates that the Book Site is among the earliest Late Woodland sites in central Pennsylvania. Moreover, the large amount of Clemson Island pottery makes it a type site for this kind of pottery; consequently, the Book Site is a prime archaeological site. In 1986, the site was added to the National Register of Historic Places in recognition of its archaeological value.</p><br>
<p>The former District 10 School is located just north of state highways 28 and 30 south of Margaretville, New York, United States. It is a stone one-room schoolhouse built, demolished and rebuilt in the middle of the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>It was the only structure left standing in the large area condemned by New York City when nearby Pepacton Reservoir was built. Today it serves as a local history museum. In 1998 it and its privy were listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Property</h2><br>
<p>The school and privy are at the end of a small unpaved road leading north from the highway about 2 miles (3.2 km) south of Margaretville, just north of the reservoir. The area around the school is wooded and otherwise undeveloped. The East Branch of the Delaware River, the waterway impounded to create the reservoir, is a short distance to the northwest.</p><br>
<p>The main building is a small one-story structure, 36 by, of fieldstone walls and foundation with a gabled roof covered in asphalt shingles, pierced by a small bell tower at the front and a brick chimney at the rear. Clapboard fills in the gable ends. A single paneled door is centrally located in the south (front) facade; there are three windows on either side and two on the rear. A stone step leads up to the front door, supplemented by a modern wooden wheelchair ramp. At the left, five feet (1.75 m) off the ground is a datestone with "1820" on it.</p><br>
<p>Inside a small vestibule opens into the main schoolroom, with wooden floors, walls in horizontal wood siding to four feet (1.3 m) and pressed tin above joining a similar ceiling. A box stove is at the rear, and blackboards and desks and other school items, some original, are located within.</p><br>
<p>The privy is northeast of the school. It is a small frame building, 6½ by 10½ feet (2 by 3.2 m) on a stone foundation, sided in clapboard with an asphalt roof. There are two rooms, one for boys and another for girls.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Dunraven had its own school as early as 1765, when a wooden school was built somewhere in the vicinity. It burned sometime between its construction and 1820, when a local couple conveyed the small lot where the school stands now to the school district with the condition that it could only be used for educational or religious purposes by them or any subsequent owner. The townspeople built a school of fieldstone, an unusual material for a schoolhouse in upstate New York but probably understandable in Dunraven due to its local abundance. Its appearance is not known, although it may have been similar to the current building. The original privy, whose exact date of construction is not known, had no separate toilets.</p><br>
<p>By 1857 the school had fallen into disrepair, and was apparently torn down. The stones were saved to be rebuilt with new mortar in 1860. Eighty years later, in 1940, the small local districts were centralized, and the school became the property of the Margaretville Central School District.</p><br>
<p>After World War II, when New York City began the process of acquiring and condemning land for Pepacton Reservoir, it first attempted to overturn the deed restriction in order to demolish the school. It was unsuccessful, and after it abandoned the attempt the district tried to sell the building. Voters rejected the proposal, and the district then transferred the property to the Town of Middletown for use as a historical museum. It also serves some other public purposes.</p><br>
<p>Granary Buildings is a heritage listed building in Leeds, West Yorkshire, England.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Built in around 1776 as a warehouse for the Leeds & Liverpool Canal Company, the Granary Building is a Grade II* listed building. It stands by Lock No.1 (the ”River Lock”) of the canal.</p><br>
<p>It is regarded as “an important survival from the extensive range of buildings at the end of the Leeds and Liverpool Canal at its junction with the River Aire and close to the boundary of the Aire and Calder Navigation.</p><br>
<p>The building was designed by Robert Owen, engineer for the canal company, and was unusual in that a branch of the canal ran into the building allowing loading of barges under cover.</p><br>
<p>Significant remodelling took place in the mid to late 19th century including the addition of the single-storey extension to the west. Internal timber floors were replaced with cast-iron columns and fire-proof brick arches to reduce the risk of fire.</p><br>
<p>Conversion to its current use was undertaken in the mid 1990s The main building is now the headquarters for BMB Group Ltd, a menswear company, and the later extension is Heathcotes restaurant.</p><br>
<p>Kaavinjärvi is a lake in eastern Finland. The surface area of the lake is approximately 21 square kilometres .</p><br>
<p>Kaavinjärvi is situated in the municipality of Kaavi. Kaavinjärvi means (in Finnish) lake of Kaavi. In language of Sami (also spelled Sámi or Saami) the word kaavi means boat harbour.</p><br>
<p>Kaavinjärvi is 101 metres (331 ft) above the sea level. The Kaavinkoski Canal flows from Kaavinjärvi to Rikkavesi. There is a marked shipping route from Kaavinjärvi to Saimaa via lakes Rikkavesi and Juojärvi.</p><br>
<p>Kaavinjärvi was formed by glacial melting at the end of the Ice Age. The average depth is almost 9 metres (ca 30 ft) and the maximum depth is ca 42 metres (137 ft).</p><br>
<p>At approximately 123 hectares (0.47 sq mi) Hukkasaari is the biggest island of Kaavinjärvi. The second biggest island is Lehtosaari, 47 hectares (0.18 sq mi).</p><br>
<p>The total length of shoreline is 127 kilometres (79 mi).</p><br>
<h2>Harbours</h2><br>
<p>Kaavi harbour is situated ca 800 metres from the village centre. The harbour is suitable for temporary stay and camping. The depth of the shipping route to the Kaavi harbour is 1,5 metres. There are guest boat jetty, boat ramp, covered campfire site, waste bin and toilet in the harbour.</p><br>
<p>Landing site of Mönkkössaari island is situated in the northern end of Kaavinjärvi. There are covered campfire site and toilet in the landing site of the island.</p><br>
<p>Melttusvirta excursion harbour is suitable for temporary stay. There are jetty, boat ramp, covered campfire site, beach, cabin for changing clothes, dry toilet, waste bin in the harbour. The depth of the route to the harbour is 1.2 metres.</p><br>
<p>Kaavinkoski excursion harbour is by the Kaavinkoski Canal. The harbour is near the bridge of Tuusniemi-Luikonlahti road. The harbour is suitable for both boaters and canoers. The depth of the shipping route to the harbour is 1.5 metres.</p><br>
<p>Kermajärvi  is a medium-sized lake in the Vuoksi main catchment area. It is located in the region of Southern Savonia in Heinävesi. It is the country&#39;s 53rd largest lake with an area of 85.57 km&sup2; and consists of a wide open lake with plenty of islands in both northwest and southeast parts of it and several long, narrow bays in both ends.</p><br>
<p>The lake gets its water from Varisvesi of Kallavesi by Karvio Rapids and flows through Kerma and Vihovuonne Rapids to Ruokovesi which flows through Pilppa Rapids to Haukivesi of Saimaa. Kermajärvi is the main lake of Heinävesi Route, one of the two routes which Lake Kallavesi flows through to Saimaa (the other being Leppävirta Route). All the four rapids can be evaded with canals built around the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries named after the adjacent rapids. Farthest extension of the lake from northwest to southeast is some 29 km. The northwest-southeast form shows the orientation of the moving Glacier in the latest Ice Age.</p><br>
<p>Heinävesi parish village is located on the southern shore of the lake.</p><br>
<p>A big part of the lake is protected in Natura 2000 conservation program (code FI0500011).</p><br>
